An��lise da adi����o de res��duo oriundo do tratamento de esgotos em massa cer��mica utilizada para fabrica����o de telhas

Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTPs) disposal is a problem for any municipality, for this reason the amount of sludge production is now a key issue in selecting treatment methods. It is necessary to investigate new applications for this waste type, due to the restrictions imposed by the environmental organs. The raw materials used in the Red Ceramic, are generally very heterogeneous, for this reason, such materials can tolerate the presence of different types of wastes. In Rio Grande do Norte, the roof tiles production corresponds to 60,61% from the total of ceramic units produced. Due to the importance of the ceramic industry of roof tiles for the state, allied to the environmental problem of the sludge disposal, this work had for objective to verify the possibility of the incorporation of sewage sludge in ceramic body used for production of roof tiles. In the research, sludge originating from drying beds of WTP of the Central Campus from UFRN and clays originating from a ceramic industry from Goianinha/RN were used. The raw materials were characterized by techniques of: analysis of particles distribution by diffraction to laser; real density; consistence limits; chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence; mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction; organic matter; and solids content. Five batches of roof tiles were manufactured in the approximate dosages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. To evaluate the properties of each final product, tests of water absorption, impermeability, bending strength, leachability and solubility were accomplished. The roof tiles manufactured with sludge presented characteristics similar to the roof tiles without sludge in relation to the environmental risk. The results showed that it is possible to use approximately up to 4% of sludge in ceramic bodies for production of roof tiles. However, it is observed that the high amount of organic matter (71%) present in the sludge is shown as factor that limits the sludge incorporation in ceramic bodies, worsening the quality of the roof tiles. It is necessary the use of mixtures of different raw materials under point of view of the granulometry and of the other chemical and mineralogical properties for the obtaining of a satisfactory mass to the production of ceramic roof tiles

Caracteriza����o dos res��duos esgotados de sistemas de tratamento individual de esgotos de Natal

In Natal still dominates the use of individual disposal systems for domestic sewage, once only 29% of the city has a sewarage system. Wastes that are accumulated in these individual treatment systems should be exhausted periodically, service provided by collector entrepreneurs. Some of these companies causing major damage to the environment. In Natal, only two companies have their own septage (RESTI) treatment system, which were designed with parameters from domestic sewage generating strain and inefficient systems. Therefore, the characterization becomes essential as a source of parameters for their design. Thus, this work presents the physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of waste pumped from individual sewage treatment systems. Samples collections were made weekly from 5 different trucks at the reception point on the treatment plant on the point of the preliminary treatment. From each truck it was taken 5 samples during the discharge in order to make a composite sample. Afterwards, samples were carried out to laboratory and analyses for determination of temperature, pH, conductivity, BOD, COD, nitrogen (ammonia e organic), alkalinity, oils, phosphorus, solids, faecal coliforms and helminth egg. The results were treated as a single database, and ranked according to its generating source (multi and single house, lodging, health, services and / or food), area of origin (metropolitan, south and north) and type of system (cesspits, septic tank and / or sink). Through these data it was possible to verify that the type of system adopted by most in Natal and the metropolitan region is cesspit, besides to confirm the difference between the septage of areas with a population have different social and economical characteristics. It was found that the septage have higher concentrations than domestic sewage, except for thermotolerant coliforms that showed concentrations of 1,38E+07. Among the parameters studied, is the median values identified for COD (3,549 mg / L), BOD (973mg / L) and total solids (3.557mg / L). The volatile fraction constitutes about 70% of the total solids of the septage. For helminths has been a median of 7 eggs/L. In general, the characteristics of the waste followed the variability found in the literature reviewed for all variables, showing high amplitudes

Utiliza����o de membranas no p��s-tratamento de esgotos para reuso do permeado e aproveitamento do concentrado

The use of membrane filters in the post-treatment of sewage has been increasingly employed to obtain water quality, applicable to various forms of reuse. Despite the advantages presented using the permeate membranes, such as saving water and reducing water pollution, the concentrate generated in the process ends up being an inconvenience to the deployment of this technology due to lack of sustainable solutions for their management. Thus, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the use of membranes for microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis concentrated in agriculture, using it as liquid fertilizer. The permeated membranes were also assessed in order to identify activities in which they could be reused. Five configurations were established from four types of membranes, so that each configuration represents a different system. The tests were conducted in batch mode, with triplicate for each configuration. The results indicated that permeated the microfiltration and ultrafiltration can be used in urban areas, in non-potable uses. Have the nanofiltration permeate can be reused in the industry, replacement cooling towers, and other non -potable uses required in the manufacturing unit. The permeate obtained in reverse osmosis met the intended uses for nanofiltration as well as the standards required for boiler feed, adding alkalizing being required to raise the pH to the recommended value. Concentrates generated in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis can be availed as liquid fertilizer in agriculture, but they must be diluted in the irrigation water, in order to adjust the salt concentration allowed for the least tolerant crops patterns

Influ��ncia da press��o e da vaz��o de concentrado sobre o desempenho de ultrafiltra����o no p��s-tratamento de esgotos

Despite the numerous advantages resulting from the use of membrane filters technology, intrinsic limitations fouling process become relevant to its applicability. The control of operating conditions is an important tool to mitigate fouling and achieve good levels of efficiency. In this sense, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of transmembrane pressure and concentrate flow in the performance of ultrafiltration, applied to the post-treatment of domestic sewage. The process was evaluated and optimized by varying the pressure (0.5 and 1.5 bar) and the concentrate flow (300 and 600 L/h), using a 22 factorial design, in order to investigate the effects on the permeate flow and quality of effluents generated at each operating condition. We evaluated the following quality indicators for permeate: pH, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, turbidity, calcium and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). In all tests, we observed marked reduction in the permeate flux at the early stages, followed by a slow decline that lasted until it reaches a relatively constant level, around 120 minutes of filtration. The increased pressure resulted in a higher initial permeate flux, but the decrease of the flow with time is greater for tests at higher pressure, indicating a more pronounced fouling process. On the other hand, increasing the concentrate flow resulted in a slower decline in permeate flux with the filtration time. Regarding the quality of permeate, the transmembrane pressure of 0,5 bar was the one that allowed better results, and was statistically confirmed through the two-way ANOVA test with repeated measures, significant effect of pressure on the turbidity of the permeate. The concentrate flow, in turn, showed no significant influence on any of the quality parameters. Thus, we conclude that, from an economic and environmental point of view, it is more interesting to operate ultrafiltration membrane system with a lower concentrate flow associated with a low transmembrane pressure, since under these conditions will produce less waste, and the permeate will present lower concentrations of the analyzed constituent, especially lower turbidity.

Uso da tecnologia de troca i��nica no tratamento de ��guas contaminadas com Nitrato do Aq����fero Dunas-Barreiras, Natal/RN-Brasil

The city of Natal comprises an area of about 170 km�� (65,63 squares miles). The Dunas-Barreiras Aquifer is the most important reservoir of the coastal basin of RN. It is being responsible for the water supplying of about 70% of the population, however, due to the sewage disposal system by cesspools and drains, it is presently affected in a great extent by nitrates contamination. Thus, the present work proposes to research the utilization of contaminated water by nitrates of this fountainhead and find cost of the potable water through the ionic exchange technology. This technology consists in the removal of mineral salts by the exchange of cations for one ion of hydrogen (H+), through the passage of water by cationic resin bed and, secondly, by the exchange of the anions for hydroxyl ions (OH-) through a anionic resin bed. The obtained results have showed the waters derived from fountains, big water holes and shallow wells were microbiologically contaminated, while the waters derived from deep wells (above 70 m 76,58 yards) were free of contamination. Thus, only these ones are suitable to the use of ionic technology. The experiments were conducted with the resin IMAC-HP-555 such as kinetic, thermodynamic, and adsorption by fixed bed studies, being obtained several project variables for the experimental column, as follow: work temperature of 25oC; resin maximum capacity maximum e mean of adsorption ==0,01692 g NO3-1/g R e 0,0110 g NO3-1/g R, respectively. On the experimental column were performed breakthrough tests which pointed for an average ideal average speed of work of 13.2 m / h, with an average efficiency of 45% of adsorption, an optimal concentration of NaCl desorption of 8%, and an ideal desorption time of 80 minutes for the equilibrium conditions of water from the Dunas-Barreiras aquifer. Scale projection for ion-exchange column for denitrification, for these variables, using a computer modeling programme, to project the column of ion exchange ROREX-420/2000, obtained a cost for the drinking water denitrified by this system of R$ 0,16 / m3

Avalia����o da efici��ncia de lagoas de estabiliza����o no tratamento de res��duos esgotados de fossas s��pticas

Because of disability in public policy development in mind to attend issues of sanitation in the municipalities, companies known as "clean-blue" appeared proposing to solve a simple collection and management of wastewater produced in single or multifamily residences, commercial, hospitals, etc. In the case of an activity in which there are no worries about the fate of sewage, emerged some doubts about the degree of health and environmental safety in these companies. Traditionally, most of them makes the provision of waste depleted soil or wetland, open, usually located on the outskirts of cities (MENESES, 2001). In turn, the sludge from septic tanks exhausted, provided no technical criteria - in the soil, rivers and as an agricultural fertilizer put in risk the health of the population and environmental quality. This work was entered in the search network 5 of the Notice of the Research Program in Sanitation - PROSAB-5, aimed to study the theme 'Characterization and study of alternative ways of treating sludge from septic tanks in the city of Natal, RN', proposing to evaluate the performance of the use of stabilization ponds as a system to handle waste from septic tanks exhausted. A series of lakes studied belong to one of the largest clean-pit of Natal, consisting of two anaerobic ponds, one facultative and maturation, and a tank disinfection, the wastewater being released in the Potengi River. Samples were collected between the months of October 2007 to October 2008, at six points previously defined and judged as more appropriate to what is proposed study. The analysis results in field and laboratory showed the most significant removal of COD (88.93%), total suspended solids (94.87%), organic nitrogen (66.87%) and thermotolerant coliforms (99.88%). Some results have not reached the expected because the system under study had operating problems that have undermined the efficiency of the reactors

Ocorr��ncia de compostos de interesse emergente no aqu��fero Dunas-Barreiras e nos esgotos de Natal/RN

The detection of emerging interest microcontaminants in environmental samples of surface water, groundwater, drinking water, wastewater and effluents from water and sewage treatment plants (WTP and STP), in many countries, suggests these pollutants are widespread in the environment, mainly in urban areas. This is a reason for great concern, since many of these compounds are potentially harmful for humans other living beings, and they are not efficiently removed in the majority of WTP and STP, which is exacerbated by precariousness of water supply and sanitation services. In Natal, like other Brazilian cities, the sewage system serves only part of the urban area (about 30%), so that the rest of the wastewater is infiltrated in the sandy soil of the region in cesspool-dry well systems. This has resulted in contamination of groundwater in the area (sand-dune barrier aquifer, which supplies more than 50% of the city population), which has been observed by the increase in nitrate concentration in supply wells. The vulnerability of the sanddune barrier aquifer, combined with reports of the presence of emerging interest microcontaminants in Brazil and worldwide, led to this research, which investigated the occurrence of fifteen microcontaminants in Natal groundwater and sewage. Samples were collected at five wells used for water supply, the raw sewage and the effluents from biological reactors from STP (UASB and activated sludge reactors). Two samples of each sample were taken, with one week apart between the samples. To determine the contaminants, extraction of aquifer water, and raw and treated sewage samples were performed, through the technique of using SPE Strata X cartridge (Phenomenex��) to the aquifer water, and Strata SAX and Strata X (Phenomenex�� ) for samples of raw and treated sewage. Subsequently the extracts were analyzed using GC-MS technique. Much of the analyzed microcontaminants were detected in groundwater and sewage. The concentrations in groundwater are generally lower than those found in the sewers. Some of the compounds (estrone, estradiol, bisphenol A, caffeine, diclofenac, naproxen, paracetamol and ibuprofen) are partially removed at STP.

Avalia����o de processo de lodos ativos por batelada seguido de tratamento terci��rio com ��nfase na remo����o de mat��ria org��nica e na sedimentabilidade do lodo

This paper evaluate the performance of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in sequential batch activated sludge modality with tertiary treatment step, located in high temperature region. It also presents the analysis of organic matter���s removal and the evaluation of sludge sedimentation conditions through reactors in bench scale, fed with different substrate���s and biomass��� concentrations, from the WWTP in study. The results showed high efficiency and stability of the treatment process using Sequential Batch Reactors for domestic sewage, even with sudden changes of organic and hydraulic load, reaching more than 90% of efficiency in the removal of biodegradable organic matter. The removal of organic matter and sedimentation tests in bench reactors showed the good performance in respect of the organic matter���s removal, however, the high concentration of micro-organism results in a lower sludge sedimentation rate, which can compromise the quality of the final effluent. The relation Food/Microorganism in the conditions of the WWTP���s current operation showed a value of 0.06 gCOD/gVSS.d. and zonal sedimentation velocity of 0.59 m/h, the great ratio of the concentration of the substrate by biomass concentration, which obtained the maximum operational efficiency, showed a value of 0.09 gCOD/gVSS.d. and zonal sedimentation velocity of 1.4 m/h.

Avalia����o de processo de lodos ativos por batelada seguido de tratamento terci��rio com ��nfase na remo����o de mat��ria org��nica e na sedimentabilidade do lodo

This paper evaluate the performance of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in sequential batch activated sludge modality with tertiary treatment step, located in high temperature region. It also presents the analysis of organic matter���s removal and the evaluation of sludge sedimentation conditions through reactors in bench scale, fed with different substrate���s and biomass��� concentrations, from the WWTP in study. The results showed high efficiency and stability of the treatment process using Sequential Batch Reactors for domestic sewage, even with sudden changes of organic and hydraulic load, reaching more than 90% of efficiency in the removal of biodegradable organic matter. The removal of organic matter and sedimentation tests in bench reactors showed the good performance in respect of the organic matter���s removal, however, the high concentration of micro-organism results in a lower sludge sedimentation rate, which can compromise the quality of the final effluent. The relation Food/Microorganism in the conditions of the WWTP���s current operation showed a value of 0.06 gCOD/gVSS.d. and zonal sedimentation velocity of 0.59 m/h, the great ratio of the concentration of the substrate by biomass concentration, which obtained the maximum operational efficiency, showed a value of 0.09 gCOD/gVSS.d. and zonal sedimentation velocity of 1.4 m/h.

Gesta����o ap��s gastroplastia para tratamento de obesidade m��rbida: s��rie de casos e revis��o da literatura

Objetivo: relatar a evolu����o de uma s��rie de casos de gesta����o em mulheres previamente submetidas �� cirurgia de bypass g��strico para tratamento de obesidade grave. M��todos: cinco casos consecutivos de gravidez ap��s gastroplastia ocorridos entre 2001 e 2004 foram avaliados. As pacientes tinham idade entre 30 e 34 anos e todas haviam sido submetidas �� cirurgia de Capella. Aspectos cl��nicos, laboratoriais e do acompanhamento materno e fetal foram considerados, durante o per��odo gestacional e ap��s o parto. Foi realizada revis��o da literatura internacional, por meio das bases de dados MEDLINE e Web of Science, utilizando os seguintes unitermos: gastroplasty, gastric bypass surgery, bariatric surgery e pregnancy. Resultados: todas as gesta����es observadas foram ��nicas e n��o ocorreram complica����es obst��tricas, durante o seguimento pr��-natal e parto. Tamb��m n��o houve registro de rec��m-nascidos prematuros ou de baixo peso ao nascimento. Conclus��o: nossos dados sugerem que a gravidez ap��s gastroplastia �� segura para a m��e e feto. Entretanto, em virtude do limitado volume de informa����o dispon��vel sobre o tema, investiga����es adicionais s��o necess��rias para estabelecer recomenda����es apropriadas com rela����o ao seguimento dessas gesta����es _________________________________________________ABSTRACT Purpose: we report a small series of pregnant women who underwent gastric bypass surgery for severe obesity, with a review of the literature on this topic. Methods: five consecutive cases of pregnancy after gastroplasty between 2001 and 2004 were evaluated, and clinical, laboratory and therapeutic features were considered. Patients were 30 to 34 years old and all had been submitted to gastroplasty by the Capella technique. The outcomes for both the pregnant woman and the fetus were evaluated. A search of the English language literature was done through MEDLINE and Web of Science databases with the following terms: gastroplasty, gastric bypass surgery, bariatric surgery, and pregnancy. Results: all 5 pregnancies were singleton. No major obstetric complications were observed and there were no premature or lowbirth weight infants. Conclusion: our data suggest that pregnancy following gastroplasty is safe for mother and fetus. However, since information about this topic is limited, further investigations are required to establish appropriate recommendations concerning the follow-up of these pregnancies

Efetividade dos exerc��cios em cadeia cin��tica aberta e cadeia cin��tica fechada no tratamento da s��ndrome da dor femoropatelar

FEHR, Guilherme Lotierso et al. Efetividade dos exerc��cios em cadeia cin��tica aberta e cadeia cin��tica fechada no tratamento da s��ndrome da dor femoropatelar. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, [s.l], v. 12, n. 2, p.66-70, mar./abr. 2006. Bimestral. Dispon��vel em: <http://www.sigaa.ufrn.br/sigaa/public/docente/producao.jsf?siape=1716016>. Acesso em: 04 out. 2010.

Organiza����o e tratamento do acervo de instrumentos musicais: o caso da Instrumentoteca da Escola de M��sica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

Analisa os processos para organiza����o e tratamento do acervo de instrumentos musicais no ��mbito da Instrumentoteca da Escola de M��sica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Discorre o conceito de biblioteca especializada, suas caracter��sticas e finalidades. Procura verificar os procedimentos utilizados pela Instrumentoteca quanto �� organiza����o do acervo, identifica regras para representa����o descritiva de instrumentos musicais, tendo como par��metro o C��digo Anglo-americano de Cataloga����o. Exemplifica a representa����o descritiva e de conte��do de instrumentos musicais; sugere medidas que venham facilitar o processo de organiza����o e acondicionamento dos instrumentos musicais. Utiliza como metodologia o estudo de caso , tendo como suporte te��rico a pesquisa bibliogr��fica em fontes impressas e eletr��nicas . Conclui mostrando a melhor maneira de organizar cole����es de instrumentos musicais por meio do C��digo Anglo-americano de Cataloga����o, e enfatiza que essas regras podem ser aplicadas para organizar diferentes tipos de suporte de informa����o.

Classifica����o bibliogr��fica: as diversas contribui����es para o tratamento da informa����o

PEREIRA, Edinete do Nascimento et al. Classifica����o bibliogr��fica: as diversas contribui����es para o tratamento da informa����o. In: SEMIN��RIO DE PESQUISA DO CCSA, 15., 2009. Anais... Natal: UFRN, 2009.

Gesta����o ap��s gastroplastia para tratamento de obesidade m��rbida: s��rie de casos e revis��o da literatura

relatar a evolu����o de uma s��rie de casos de gesta����o em mulheres previamente submetidas �� cirurgia de bypass g��strico para tratamento de obesidade grave. M��todos: cinco casos consecutivos de gravidez ap��s gastroplastia ocorridos entre 2001 e 2004 foram avaliados. As pacientes tinham idade entre 30 e 34 anos e todas haviam sido submetidas �� cirurgia de Capella. Aspectos cl��nicos, laboratoriais e do acompanhamento materno e fetal foram considerados, durante o per��odo gestacional e ap��s o parto. Foi realizada revis��o da literatura internacional, por meio das bases de dados MEDLINE e Web of Science, utilizando os seguintes unitermos: gastroplasty, gastric bypass surgery, bariatric surgery e pregnancy. Resultados: todas as gesta����es observadas foram ��nicas e n��o ocorreram complica����es obst��tricas, durante o seguimento pr��-natal e parto. Tamb��m n��o houve registro de rec��m-nascidos prematuros ou de baixo peso ao nascimento. Conclus��o: nossos dados sugerem que a gravidez ap��s gastroplastia �� segura para a m��e e feto. Entretanto, em virtude do limitado volume de informa����o dispon��vel sobre o tema, investiga����es adicionais s��o necess��rias para estabelecer recomenda����es apropriadas com rela����o ao seguimento dessas gesta����es

Diagn��stico, estadiamento e tratamento cir��rgico do adenocarcinoma de p��ncreas

O adenocarcinoma pancre��tico �� um dos tumores s��lidos de pior progn��stico, sendo o tratamento cir��rgico o ��nico potencialmente curativo. Na grande maioria dos pacientes o tumor �� diagnosticado em fase avan��ada, comumente na presen��a de doen��a metast��tica. A introdu����o de modernos m��todos diagn��sticos associados ao aperfei��oamento dos j�� existentes tem gerado controv��rsia quanto �� melhor maneira de se estabelecer o diagn��stico e estadiamento do tumor. Da mesma forma, o papel da cirurgia na palia����o e aspectos t��cnicos da ressec����o de les��es localizadas est��o longe de alcan��arem consenso na pr��tica. M��todo - Revis��o da literatura sobre os aspectos controversos relacionados ao tema e um algoritmo para a abordagem dos pacientes com suspeita de tumor de p��ncreas s��o apresentados. Foram utilizados os descritores: ���adenocarcinoma��� e ���p��ncreas��� para pesquisa no PubMed (www.pubmed.com) e na Bireme (www.bireme.br) e a seguir selecionadas as publica����es pertinentes a cada t��pico escolhido com aten����o especial para metan��lises, estudos cl��nicos controlados, revis��es sitem��ticas e ainda publica����es de grandes centros especializados em doen��as pancre��ticas. Conclus��es - Na suspeita de adenocarcinoma de p��ncreas �� poss��vel realizar estadiamento muito pr��ximo do real sem a necessidade da explora����o cir��rgica sistem��tica em virtude da disponibilidade na pr��tica de exames modernos e eficientes. Isso permite que palia����o menos invasiva seja praticada na maioria dos pacientes com les��es avan��adas e incur��veis. Nos em que a cura �� poss��vel, a opera����o deve ser realizada objetivando-se, essencialmente, a remo����o da les��o com margens livres e com aceit��veis ��ndices de morbi-mortalidade