Superdotação: conceitos, modelos de diagnóstico e intervenção psico-educativa

A definição de sobredotação não está isenta de inseguranças e de controvérsias. O conceito não é estático, está em constante evolução, sendo que a tendência actual é caracterizada pela ponderação de outras variáveis além das cognitivas e da inteligência. Segundo o World Council for Gifted and Talented Children, considerase sobredotada a pessoa com elevado desempenho ou elevada potencialidade, em qualquer dos seguintes aspectos isolados ou combinados: capacidade intelectual geral, aptidão académica específica, pensamento criativo ou produtivo, talento especial para as artes visuais, dramáticas e musicais, capacidade motora e capacidade de liderança. A multiplicidade de conceitos acaba, assim, por traduzir a multiplicidade de critérios a ter em conta na definição de sobredotação, implicando que a avaliação seja também multirreferencial, abrindo, consequentemente, um leque diversificado de propostas de intervenção assim como o recurso a diferentes agentes, procedimentos e instrumentos de avaliação.

Motivating sustainable goal choices and providing effective feedback

Overconsumption of natural resources and the associated environmental hazards are one of today’s most pressing global issues. In the western world, individual consumption in homes and workplaces is a key contributor to this problem. Reflecting the importance of individual action in this domain, this thesis focuses on studying and influencing choices related to sustainability and energy consumption made by people in their daily lives. There are three main components to this work. Firstly, this thesis asserts that people frequently make ineffective consumption reduction goal choices and attempts to understand the rationale for these poor choices by fitting them to goalsetting theory, an established theoretical model of behavior change. Secondly, it presents two approaches that attempt to influence goal choice towards more effective targets, one of which deals with mechanisms for goal priming and the other of which explores the idea that carefully designed toys can exert influence on children’s long term consumption behavior patterns. The final section of this thesis deals with the design of feedback to support the performance of environmentally sound activities. Key contributions surrounding goals include the finding that people choose easy sustainable goals despite immediate feedback as to their ineffectiveness and the discussion and study of goal priming mechanisms that can influence this choice process. Contributions within the design of value instilling toys include a theoretically grounded framework for the design of such toys and a completed and tested prototype toy. Finally, contributions in designing effective and engaging energy consumption feedback include the finding that negative feedback is best presented verbally compared with visually and this is exemplified and presented within a working feedback system. The discussions, concepts, prototypes and empirical findings presented in this work will be useful for both environmental psychologists and for HCI researchers studying eco-feedback.