Susceptibility of mosquito vectors to Dirofilaria immitis on Madeira Island, Portugal

Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856), an agent of heartworm disease, is an important parasite from both the veterinary standpoint and as a model to study human filariasis. It is a mosquito-borne filarial nematode which inhabits the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries of dogs. D. immitis is an important disease agent on Madeira Island with about 30% of dogs testing positive for this worm. Nevertheless, the vectors of this parasite in Madeira have never been studied, nor has the interaction between pathogen and vector, or the environmental variables that might influence heartworm transmission. Innate susceptibility to infection is only one component of vector competence, and field isolation of naturally infected mosquitoes has shown the capability of D. immitis to exploit a great diversity of vector species under natural conditions. The purpose of this work was to determine which mosquitoes are vectors of heartworm disease, the relation between population density and environment, and the association between immune response of the vector to the filarial parasite. Seasonal abundance of Culex theileri and Culex pipiens molestus was studied. Correlation and canonical correspondence analysis were performed using abundance data of these two species with selected weather variables, including mean temperature, relative humidity and accumulated precipitation. The most important factor determining Cx. theileri abundance was accumulated precipitation, while Cx. pipiens molestus abundance did not have any relationship with weather variables. Field studies were performed to verify whether Cx. theileri Theobald functions as a natural vector of D. immitis on Madeira Island, Portugal. Cx. theileri tested positive for D. immitis for the first time. The same study was made regarding Cx. p. molestus. Two abnormal L2 stage filarial worms were found in Malpighian tubules in field caught Cx. p. molestus. In the laboratory, two strains of Cx. p. molestus were studied for their susceptibility to D. immitis. None presented infective-stage larvae. Finally, because Cx. p. molestus is an autogenous mosquito, we evaluated the reproductive costs when this mosquito mounts an immune response against D. immitis in the absence of a blood meal. This mosquito showed an active immune response when inoculated intrathoracically with microfilariae (mf) of the heartworm. The ovaries from mosquitoes undergoing melanotic encapsulation developed more eggs than those which could not melanize the mf. This fact is contradictory with some previous studies of reproductive costs in Armigeres subalbatus and Ochlerotatus trivittatus, and it was the first time that an autogenous mosquito was used to study this subject.

Relatório de estágio realizado no Club Sport Marítimo, secção de natação

O relatório refere-se ao estágio efectuado no Club Sport Marítimo, secção de Natação onde se realizou um trabalho dedicado à detecção de erros técnicos em nadadores, para proceder posteriormente à sua correcção. Partiu-se da observação e posterior registo (check list) para a elaboração de um plano de acção através de “drills” adequados para cada situação, de modo a corrigir os erros detectados. Para este efeito, utilizando a metodologia observacional, observaram-se os 18 nadadores que constituem a amostra, recorrendo a um instrumento adaptado e validado de acordo com os objectivos a alcançar. Estes nadadores foram observados ao longo da época desportiva 2010/2011, em três provas do Calendário Regional de Natação Pura Desportiva (NPD) da Associação de Natação da Madeira (ANM). Os resultados atingidos parecem-nos claramente positivos, já que foram corrigidos 84% e 86,9% dos erros inicialmente detectados, respectivamente, na técnica de Costas e de Crol. Podemos afirmar também que, a maior parte dos erros, foram colmatados num período de tempo relativamente curto. Outros, contudo, levarão mais tempo a serem ultrapassados, o que dependerá do grau de complexidade do erro e da maior ou menor capacidade no que toca à aprendizagem motora do nadador em questão. Esperamos com este pequeno estudo poder contribuir para que os treinadores dêem a devida atenção à vertente técnica durante a planificação das épocas desportivas, o que se traduz na construção das sessões de treino com drills, visando uma melhor preparação dos atletas para a competição, promovendo, desta forma o sucesso. Pensamos que vale a pena “perder tempo” com a aplicação de drills em situação de treino, o que na realidade faz consumir muito tempo de treino (é um trabalho minucioso e de qualidade) para ganhar tempo e nível técnico em situação de competição – objectivo premente para o nadador e o treinador envolvidos num contexto desta natureza.

Relatório de estágio de atividade física e desporto realizado no Club Sport Marítimo

O presente relatório enquadra-se no âmbito de estágio curricular do Mestrado em Atividade Física e Desporto, na Universidade da Madeira. Neste sentido, o estágio curricular foi realizado na empresa Club Sport Marítimo, onde integrei o projeto Marítimo LAB, o qual visa avaliar e potencializar as capacidades físicas dos atletas. Além de integrar o Projeto Marítimo LAB, desempenhei outras funções não menos importantes, nomeadamente a integração enquanto treinador adjunto na equipa de Juvenis do Clube, como professor nas escolinhas de futebol e ainda a colaboração em outras atividades dinamizadas pelo departamento de futebol jovem do clube. O projeto Marítimo LAB, visa avaliar os atletas dos escalões de formação do clube nas suas capacidades físicas e técnicas, de modo a potencializar essas mesmas capacidades através de unidades de treino prescritas consoante as maiores necessidades do atleta/equipa. Tendo em conta o trabalho desenvolvido, este projeto constituiu uma das funções mais exigentes do estágio. As avaliações realizadas aos atletas foram constituídas por testes que visam avaliar as capacidades condicionais (velocidade, agilidade, força e flexibilidade), a composição corporal (peso, altura, perímetros corporais e pregas de adiposidade subcutânea) e as capacidades técnicas (domínio e controlo de bola com os pés e com o corpo, drible e passe). Os testes foram aplicados aos escalões de formação do Club Sport Marítimo, mais precisamente aos escalões de Infantis, Iniciados, Juvenis e Juniores. Foram avaliados 241 atletas, do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e os 18 anos de idade. Ao longo da época desportiva 2012/2013, os atletas foram submetidos a três momentos de avaliação, a primeira no início da época, a segunda no período intermédio e última no final da época desportiva. Com o intuito de observar a progressão dos atletas em relação às capacidades avaliadas, foram criados gráficos elucidativos que apresentam as médias dos resultados obtidos ao longo das três avaliações realizadas e, por fim, foram efetuadas comparações entre os momentos de avaliação de forma a verificar o nível de progressão dos atletas durante a época desportiva.

Statistical modelling of extreme rainfall in Madeira Island

Extreme rainfall events have triggered a significant number of flash floods in Madeira Island along its past and recent history. Madeira is a volcanic island where the spatial rainfall distribution is strongly affected by its rugged topography. In this thesis, annual maximum of daily rainfall data from 25 rain gauge stations located in Madeira Island were modelled by the generalised extreme value distribution. Also, the hypothesis of a Gumbel distribution was tested by two methods and the existence of a linear trend in both distributions parameters was analysed. Estimates for the 50– and 100–year return levels were also obtained. Still in an univariate context, the assumption that a distribution function belongs to the domain of attraction of an extreme value distribution for monthly maximum rainfall data was tested for the rainy season. The available data was then analysed in order to find the most suitable domain of attraction for the sampled distribution. In a different approach, a search for thresholds was also performed for daily rainfall values through a graphical analysis. In a multivariate context, a study was made on the dependence between extreme rainfall values from the considered stations based on Kendall’s τ measure. This study suggests the influence of factors such as altitude, slope orientation, distance between stations and their proximity of the sea on the spatial distribution of extreme rainfall. Groups of three pairwise associated stations were also obtained and an adjustment was made to a family of extreme value copulas involving the Marshall–Olkin family, whose parameters can be written as a function of Kendall’s τ association measures of the obtained pairs.

Effectiveness of different solid-phase microextraction fibres for differentiation of selected Madeira island fruits based on their volatile metabolite profile: identification of novel compounds

A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure based on five commercialised fibres (85 μm polyacrylate – PA, 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane – PDMS, 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene – PDMS/DVB, 70 μm carbowax/divinylbenzene – CW/DVB and 85 μm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane – CAR/PDMS) is presented for the characterization of the volatile metabolite profile of four selected Madeira island fruit species, lemon (Citrus limon), kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa), papaya (Carica papaya L.) and Chickasaw plum (Prunus angustifolia). The isolation of metabolites was followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–qMS) methodology. The performance of the target fibres was evaluated and compared. The SPME fibre coated with CW/DVB afforded the highest extraction efficiency in kiwi and papaya pulps, while in lemon and plum the same was achieved with PMDS/DVB fibre. This procedure allowed for the identification of 80 compounds, 41 in kiwi, 24 in plums, 23 in papaya and 20 in lemon. Considering the best extraction conditions, the most abundant volatiles identified in kiwi were the intense aldehydes and ethyl esters such as (E)-2-hexenal and ethyl butyrate, while in Chicasaw plum predominate 2-hexenal, 2-methyl-4-pentenal, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol and cyclohexylene oxide. The major compounds identified in the papaya pulp were benzyl isothiocyanate, linalool oxide, furfural, hydroxypropanone, linalool and acetic acid. Finally, lemon was shown to be the most divergent of the four fruits, being its aroma profile composed almost exclusively by terpens, namely limonene, γ-terpinene, o-cymene and α-terpinolene. Thirty two volatiles were identified for the first time in the fruit or close related species analysed and 14 volatiles are reported as novel volatile metabolites in fruits. This includes 5 new compounds in kiwi (2-cyclohexene-1,4-dione, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, 4-hydroxydihydro-2(3H)-furanone, 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and ethanedioic acid), 4 in plum (4-hydroxydihydro-2(3H)-furanone, 5-methyl-2-pyrazinylmethanol, cyclohexylene oxide and 1-methylcyclohexene), 4 in papaya (octaethyleneglycol, 1,2-cyclopentanedione, 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione and 2-furyl methyl ketone) and 2 in lemon (geranyl farnesate and safranal). It is noteworthy that among the 15 volatile metabolites identified in papaya, 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione was previously described as a novel PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) agonist, having a potential to minimize inflammation.

Relatório de estágio curricular realizado no Club Sport Marítimo : treino, modalidade de futebol

O treino desportivo é visto como um processo pedagógico que visa o desenvolvimento de capacidades técnico-tácticas, físicas e psicológicas dos desportistas e das equipas no quadro específico das situações competitivas através da prática sistemática e planificada do exercício, orientada por princípios e regras devidamente estabelecidas. Cabe aos treinadores estabelecer o seu modelo de treino e de jogo tendo em conta os princípios biológicos, pedagógicos e metodológicos, que vão ao encontro das necessidades dos seus desportistas e do seu escalão etário. A crescente procura da prática do Futebol tem contribuíndo para o aumento de praticantes. No entanto, a sua prática deverá ocorrer em contextos de segurança, que devem ser proporcionados não só pelos clubes, mas objectivamente pelos treinadores O relatório tem como objectivo divulgar e expor as actividades e experiências vividas em contexto laboral, nomeadamente em contexto do treino desportivo em Futebol, modalidade escolhida para realizar o Estágio. Este estágio proporcionou a aquisição de novas aprendizagens referentes à metodologia do treino, ao processo de comunicação com os jovens futebolistas quer em contexto de treino quer contexto de competição. Permitiu igualmente estudar diferentes variáveis inerentes ao treino, nomeadamente a motivação e a percepção de sucesso. Através dos processos de treino e do desenrolar da competição ao longo da época desportiva, foi possível avaliar a motivação e a percepção de sucesso que os jovens futebolistas possuíam, tendo-se concluído que estes apresentavam uma orientação para a tarefa e uma motivação extrínseca por regulação identificada. Foi igualmente possível observar e analisar alguns momentos da equipa em competição, nomeadamente observar o modo como a equipa recuperava a posse de bola e, a partir da recuperação, como realizava o ataque, através do recurso à análise sequencial com retardos (análises prospectiva e retrospectiva), verificando que a forma de recuperação da posse de bola não influenciava o método de ataque realizado pela equipa.

Cozinha da Madeira website: the online touchpoint for a sustainability oriented service of Madeira Island

Over the past several years technology has been evolving in a way that it has become crucial for most businesses and companies to have interactive technology enabled touchpoints available online. Such interactive touchpoints can be developed as mobile application, webpages, or even through social networks. In the end such touchpoints will most surely represent the most easily reachable and marketable side of the business. Today selling a product alone is no longer enough to make consumers satisfied and complete, businesses and business models are changing. Increasingly, companies are choosing to not just sell products but to combine both sale and service. These service-based approaches will provide the client with a unique and personalized experience of what the company is selling. By selling a service the company transmits values that are more complex than the simple selling of a product. A service is something immaterial, happens over time and exists in the moment of the delivery. When conceiving and designing services, the use of the new technologies becomes a crucial step in order to craft touchpoints that facilitate the whole experience cycle of the service, from attracting, orienting, interacting and retaining the client, as well as providing later support to the consumer to advocate for the service itself. This thesis reports on the design and implementation of the online touchpoint of Cozinha da Madeira, which is a service designed to support tourism, specifically promoting the discovery of tradition and landscapes in the island of Madeira. Such touchpoint developed in the form of a website, embodies completely or partially various stages of the Service Experience cycle, from attracting and connecting, orienting, interacting as well as retaining and advocating. Through this thesis we will describe the design and implementation of such touchpoint as well as the evaluation and possible future implications.

Evolution of the landscape of Madeira Island: long-term vegetation dynamics

The aim of this thesis was to evaluate historical change of the landscape of Madeira Island and to assess spatial and temporal vegetation dynamics. In current research diverse “retrospective techniques”, such as landscape repeat photography, dendrochronology, and research of historical records were used. These, combined with vegetation relevés, aimed to gather information about landscape change, disturbance history, and vegetation successional patterns. It was found that landscape change, throughout 125 years, was higher in the last five decades manly driven by farming abandonment, building growth and exotic vegetation coverage increase. Pristine vegetation was greatly destroyed since early settlement and by the end of the nineteenth century native vegetation was highly devastated due to recurrent antropogenic disturbances. These actions also helped to block plant succession and to modify floristical assemblages, affecting as well as species richness. In places with less hemeroby, although significant growth of vegetation of lower seral stages was detected, the vegetation of most mature stages headed towards unbalance between recovery and loss, being also very vulnerable to exotic species encroachment. Recovery by native vegetation also occurred in areas formerly occupied by exotic plants and agriculture but it was almost negligible. Vegetation recovery followed the successional model currently proposed, attesting the model itself. Yet, succession was slower than espected, due to lack of favourable conditions and to recurrent disturbances. Probable tempus of each seral stage was obtained by growth rates of woody taxa estimated through dendrochronology. The exotic trees which were the dominant trees in the past (Castanea sativa and Pinus pinaster) almost vanished. Eucalyptus globulus, the current main tree of the exotic forest is being replaced by other cover types as Acacia mearnsii. The latter, along with Arundo donax, Cytisus scoparius and Pittosporum undulatum are currently the exotic species with higher invasive behaviour. However, many other exotic species have also proved to be highly pervasive and came together with the ones referred above to prevent native vegetation regeneration, to diminish biological diversity, and to block early successional phases delaying native forest recovery.