Contributos de Philippe Meirieu para uma pedagogia inovadora: "da pedagogia magistral à pedagogia diferenciada"

A presente investigação intentou estudar a receptividade, em Portugal, do pedagogo contemporâneo francês Philippe Meirieu, defensor da pedagogia diferenciada, bem como a implantação do seu pensamento pedagógico no actual sistema de ensino português. Ao debruçar-se sobre as questões educativas que são, diariamente, preocupação de todos nós, esta investigação procura conhecer, à luz deste pedagogo, os diferentes aspectos da evolução da pedagogia magistral à diferenciada, contributivos para uma escola democrática e de qualidade e situar a aplicação do pensamento pedagógico de Meirieu, sobretudo durante a formação inicial de professores. O estudo foi desenvolvido no sentido de apurar uma resposta às seguintes questões que acabaram por nortear a nossa investigação. · Qual o grau de conhecimento que se tem deste autor e do seu pensamento pedagógico através das suas obras? . Quais as representações dos profissionais da educação sobre o processo ensino-aprendizagem defendidos pelo autor? · Como é que este pedagogo é caracterizado no contexto dos pedagogos contemporâneos? · Que tipo de expectativas têm relativamente à implementação das suas ideias no actual sistema educativo português? Assim, a presente investigação insere-se numa abordagem qualitativa dos fenómenos educativos, justificada pela natureza do estudo e do desenho escolhido, destacando-se a importância da construção de um conhecimento compreensivo e interpretativo desses fenómenos sociais e educativos, que emerge da relação dos actores concretos nos contextos em que desenvolvem a sua acção. Os resultados do nosso estudo apontam para quatro evidências relevantes: · Philippe Meirieu é um pedagogo que começa a ser conhecido, entre nós, através da leitura de algumas das suas principais obras; · É visto como um homem eclético, defensor da teoria socioconstrutivista do conhecimento, nomeadamente a pedagogia diferenciada; · É considerado um pedagogo contemporâneo muito inovador, que ocupará um lugar de destaque nos Currículos das Ciências da Educação.

Alasdair Gray`s 1982 Janine (1984): a postmodernist scottish novel

Alasdair Gray is now an established figure in the Scottish literary scene and has numerous claims to be considered an important voice writing in English. First Lanark: A Life in Four Books (1981) and then 1982 Janine (1984) contributed to the recognition of Gray as one of the founding fathers of the new Scottish writing and as a figure of importance in international contemporary fiction due to his innovative, experimental and postmodernist novels. As the title of this dissertation - “Alasdair Gray’s 1982 Janine (1984): A Postmodernist Scottish Novel” - suggests, it aims at analysing the author’s second novel, 1982 Janine (1984), in a thematic and formal perspective, in order to justify the choice of the terms - Postmodernist and Scottish - to classify this novel. 1982 Janine projects a world through Jock McLeish’s mind and is a powerful stream-of-consciousness narrative. Jock is an alcoholic who lives a personal crisis and, therefore, tries to escape from his depressing reality through sexual fantasies and political diatribes. During a single night in a Scottish hotel room, he drinks and dreams, and spends the whole night alone with his fantasies and fears, his memories and hopes. In Chapter 11, the most daring experimental section of the novel, Jock attempts to commit suicide by taking an overdose of tablets with alcohol but fails. Following this, he decides to review his life and make for a new beginning; the novel thus closing with an optimistic note. Also, the narrative is based on a constant interweaving of sex fantasy with political satire, that is, it is through his protagonist that Gray manages to convey the state of Scotland as well as the concerns and aspirations of the Scottish people and then, proceed to a political and social critique. This dissertation appears structured in three chapters. In Chapter I - “Alasdair Gray: A Postmodernist Scottish Writer” - I present Gray as a powerful postmodernist writer who also sees himself as a Scottish author, and more particularly as a Glaswegian, who concentrates on Scottish subject matter in his literary work. In a first section, I offer a brief survey of the Scottish literary scene from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, in order to understand Gray’s choice of setting and themes and to check his influence or indebtedness to previous Scottish authors. As 1982 Janine is also a good example of selfconscious experimental writing, in a second section, I present various seminal fictional works that introduced and developed experimentalism in British fiction, in order to evaluate the influence of modernist developments in form and technique on recent experimental writing. The third section consists of an introduction to Gray’s work for he is not only a novelist, but also an artist, a playwright, a poet, an activist and a scholar. Chapter II - “Postmodernist Features in 1982 Janine” - aims at listing and examining the postmodernist devices that the novel includes, in what content and form are concerned. On the one hand, the use of a developed type of the modernist stream of consciousness, the presence of a protagonist who feels entrapped in a specific system, the quest for freedom, the incoherence and fragmentation of time, the nonchronological order of the narrative, the blending of fantasy and “reality”, as well as the importance of the Scottish material are definitely current aspects within postmodernist literature that can be found in Gray’s novel. On the other hand, the handling of literary self-conscious devices, such as typographical experimentation, presence of metafiction and intertextuality, and inclusion of an Epilogue, are likewise among recurrent postmodernist features. As the title - “A Narratological Analysis of 1982 Janine” - evidences, Chapter III offers a description of the mechanics of the narrative and its functioning in order to better understand the narrative technique of postmodernist fiction. This study is based primarily on Gérard Genette’s theoretical framework and terminology, presented in Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method, an analytical tool that allows me to provide a more objective and scientific analysis. Hence, I follow the Genettian division of narrative discourse in Time, Mood and Voice while examining the novel. Finally, I proceed to a description of the intertextual relationships 1982 Janine establishes with other texts.