Detecção e caracterização de biomarcadores voláteis em indivíduos com patologias oncológicas

Com a realização deste trabalho, pretendeu-se traçar o perfil padrão da composição volátil típico de fluidos biológicos (urina) de indivíduos sem patologia oncológica (grupo de controlo) comparando-os com os de pacientes (grupo com patologia oncológica). As amostras de urina de ambos os grupos foram analisadas por microextracção em fase sólida em modo de headspace acoplada à espectrometria de massa (HS-SPME-GC/qMS). Com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência de extracção da SPME, foram optimizados alguns parâmetros com influência no processo extractivo, nomeadamente o tipo de fibra, o tempo e a temperatura de extracção. Assim sendo, foram testadas e comparadas seis fibras comercialmente disponíveis, polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS, 100 m), poliacrilato (PA, 85 m), carboxeno-polidimetilsiloxano (CAR/PDMS, 75 m), carbowax-divinilbenzeno (CW/DVB, 65 m), divinilbenzeno-carboxen-polidimetilsiloxano (DVB/CAR/PDMS, 50/30 m) e polidimetilsiloxano-divinilbenzeno (PDMS/DVB, 65 m). A influência do tempo (30, 45, 60 e 75 min) e temperatura (30, 50 e 60 ºC) de extracção foram optimizados de modo a obter uma melhor eficiência de extracção dos compostos voláteis presentes nas amostras de urina. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos usando a fibra carboxeno-polidimetilsiloxano (CAR/PDMS, 75 m), com uma velocidade de agitação de 800 rpm durante 75 min a uma temperatura de 50 ºC. Para os dois grupos em estudo, foram identificados 80 compostos voláteis pertencentes a diversas famílias químicas, nomeadamente, aldeídos, cetonas, derivados benzénicos, compostos terpénicos, ácidos orgânicos, compostos furânicos, compostos sulfurados, fenóis voláteis, ésteres, álcoois superiores e derivados do naftaleno. Os compostos maioritários pertencentes aos grupos analisados foram a 4-heptanona, a 2-pentanona, a acetona, a 2-butanona, o 1(2- furanil)etanona, o 3-metil-3-fenil-2-propenal, o 3,4-dimetilbenzaldeído, o decanal, o dissulfureto de dimetilo, o metanotiol, o 2-metoxitiofeno, o 4-metil-fenol, o p-tert-butil-fenol, o 2,4-bis(1,1- dimetiletil)fenol, o fenol, o m-cimeno, o p-cimeno, o tolueno, o 1-etil-3,5-diisopropilbenzeno, o 2,6-dimetil-7-octen-2-ol, a D-carvona, o vitispirano I e o vitispirano II. O teste One-Way ANOVA foi aplicado aos resultados com o intuito de verificar se existiam diferenças significativas entre os grupos avaliados (Controlo e Oncológico), sendo o dissulfureto de dimetilo, o 2-metoxitiofeno, e o p-cimeno estatisticamente significativos. A aplicação da análise multivariável às amostras de urina das diferentes patologias permitiu diferenciá-las no qual se obteve 81,02% da variância total.A aplicação da análise multivariável às amostras de urina das diferentes patologias permitiu diferenciá-las no qual se obteve 81,02% da variância total. A patologia de Hodgkin é influenciada pelas variáveis heptanal e o 2-metil-3-fenil-2-propenal. O Controlo é afectado essencialmente pelas variáveis p-cimeno, 1,4,5-trimetilnaftaleno e o dissulfureto de dimetilo. O Cólon é influenciado pelo 4-metilfenol, anisole e 1,2-dihidro-1,1,6-trimetil-naftaleno. O 1-octanol e a 3-heptanona influenciam, essencialmente as patologias da Mama e Leucemia.

Olfactory perception threshold assessment of volatile acidity in Madeira wines

Madeira wine is a fortified wine with impact in the Madeira Island’s economy. Similarly to other wines, its acidity should be well controlled in order to ensure Madeira wine quality, mostly the volatile acidity. Due to Madeira wine complex flavour, it is crucial to get a better knowledge about the volatile acidity impact in its features, namely determine the perception limit of acetic acid and ethyl acetate, as both are the main contributors for volatile acidity. Firstly, the olfactory perception threshold of volatile acidity was assessed by a trained and an untrained panel, using 5 and 10 years-old Sercial and Malvasia wines. Moreover, the current work also presents the evolution of organic acids, acetic acid and ethyl acetate during 540 days of ageing of Madeira wines (Malvasia, Bual, Verdelho and Sercial), comparing the same wines aged by both traditional ageing processes: canteiro and estufagem. Other wine samples, aged in wood casks (canteiro) for at least 5 years, were also evaluated. HS-SPME followed by GC-MS analysis was used to determine ethyl acetate concentration and IEC-HPLC-DAD was used for the organic acids determination, including acetic acid. The results indicated that acetic acid and ethyl acetate olfactory perception threshold depends essentially on wine’s age. Concerning acetic acid, the untrained panel was in average 5.45 g/L (5 years-old) and 6.22 g/L (10 years-old). Training the expert panel to recognize acetic acid odour, the values decreased for 1.44 g/L (5 years-old) and 1.87 g/L (10 years-old), but still remained higher than the established volatile acidity legal limits. Ethyl acetate threshold was similar for both panels (in average 327.97 mg/L). Both compounds tend to increase exponentially with age, being more evident in sweet wines. Organic acids in young Madeira wines depend mostly on the nature of grape varieties, but this difference is minimized with wine ageing.

An improved and fast UHPLC-PDA methodology for determination of L-ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids in fruits and vegetables: evaluation of degradation rate during storage

This study provides a versatile validated method to determine the total vitamin C content, as the sum of the contents of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA), in several fruits and vegetables and its degradability with storage time. Seven horticultural crops from two different origins were analyzed using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic–photodiode array (UHPLC-PDA) system, equipped with a new trifunctional high strength silica (100% silica particle) analytical column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm particle size) using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid as mobile phase, in isocratic mode. This new stationary phase, specially designed for polar compounds, overcomes the problems normally encountered in HPLC and is suitable for the analysis of large batches of samples without L-AA degradation. In addition, it proves to be an excellent alternative to conventional C18 columns for the determination of L-AA in fruits and vegetables. The method was fully validated in terms of linearity, detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits, accuracy, and inter/intraday precision. Validation experiments revealed very good recovery rate of 96.6±4.4% for L-AA and 103.1±4.8 % for total vitamin C, good linearity with r2-values >0.999 within the established concentration range, excellent repeatability (0.5%), and reproducibility (1.6%) values. The LOD of the method was 22 ng/mL whereas the LOQ was 67 ng/mL. It was possible to demonstrate that L-AA and DHAA concentrations in the different horticulture products varied oppositely with time of storage not always affecting the total amount of vitamin C during shelf-life. Locally produced fruits have higher concentrations of vitamin C, compared with imported ones, but vegetables showed the opposite trend. Moreover, this UHPLC-PDA methodology proves to be an improved, simple, and fast approach for determining the total content of vitamin C in various food commodities, with high sensitivity, selectivity, and resolving power within 3 min of run analysis.