Design of boundary-scan testing in CMOS image sensors for industrial applications: internship repor

Tests on printed circuit boards and integrated circuits are widely used in industry,resulting in reduced design time and cost of a project. The functional and connectivity tests in this type of circuits soon began to be a concern for the manufacturers, leading to research for solutions that would allow a reliable, quick, cheap and universal solution. Initially, using test schemes were based on a set of needles that was connected to inputs and outputs of the integrated circuit board (bed-of-nails), to which signals were applied, in order to verify whether the circuit was according to the specifications and could be assembled in the production line. With the development of projects, circuit miniaturization, improvement of the production processes, improvement of the materials used, as well as the increase in the number of circuits, it was necessary to search for another solution. Thus Boundary-Scan Testing was developed which operates on the border of integrated circuits and allows testing the connectivity of the input and the output ports of a circuit. The Boundary-Scan Testing method was converted into a standard, in 1990, by the IEEE organization, being known as the IEEE 1149.1 Standard. Since then a large number of manufacturers have adopted this standard in their products. This master thesis has, as main objective: the design of Boundary-Scan Testing in an image sensor in CMOS technology, analyzing the standard requirements, the process used in the prototype production, developing the design and layout of Boundary-Scan and analyzing obtained results after production. Chapter 1 presents briefly the evolution of testing procedures used in industry, developments and applications of image sensors and the motivation for the use of architecture Boundary-Scan Testing. Chapter 2 explores the fundamentals of Boundary-Scan Testing and image sensors, starting with the Boundary-Scan architecture defined in the Standard, where functional blocks are analyzed. This understanding is necessary to implement the design on an image sensor. It also explains the architecture of image sensors currently used, focusing on sensors with a large number of inputs and outputs.Chapter 3 describes the design of the Boundary-Scan implemented and starts to analyse the design and functions of the prototype, the used software, the designs and simulations of the functional blocks of the Boundary-Scan implemented. Chapter 4 presents the layout process used based on the design developed on chapter 3, describing the software used for this purpose, the planning of the layout location (floorplan) and its dimensions, the layout of individual blocks, checks in terms of layout rules, the comparison with the final design and finally the simulation. Chapter 5 describes how the functional tests were performed to verify the design compliancy with the specifications of Standard IEEE 1149.1. These tests were focused on the application of signals to input and output ports of the produced prototype. Chapter 6 presents the conclusions that were taken throughout the execution of the work.

A tragédia em Manuel Caetano Pimenta de Aguiar: um género clássico nos alvores do Romantismo

Após profunda pesquisa sobre possíveis temas para abordar nesta dissertação, eis que chegamos ao nome de Manuel Caetano Pimenta de Aguiar, dramaturgo madeirense, de ideais liberais vincados, nascido no século XVIII e com um período de fecundidade literária nos primórdios do Século XIX, uma época marcada por forte instabilidade políticas que também haveria de sacudir o mundo da criação artística. Interessaram-nos do conjunto da sua obra, toda ela constituída por tragédias, O Carácter dos Lusitanos, D. João I e D. Sebastião em África. Nelas intuímos a coerência da matéria de pendor nacionalista, tão cara ao gosto romântico que então desabrochava. A sua obra, com evidentes traços clássicos, mostra já uma originalidade ao nível dos temas tratados. Veremos como se mantém fiel a toda a estrutura da tragédia, mas como introduz novos conceitos, que serão mais tarde desenvolvidos pelos Românticos, como sejam, o gosto pela morte e o horrendo, o nacionalismo exacerbado e a exaltação da história e dos heróis nacionais.