Governança global e transferência de política: do Protocolo de Cartagena à Política Nacional de Biossegurança

O processo de globalização dos últimos anos evidenciou que as atividades estatais são desagregadas em favor de uma estrutura de relações entre diferentes atores que operam em um contexto global. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa defende que o que pode precisamente ser compreendido como verdadeiramente “global” evidenciado nas últimas décadas do século XX são a transformações das mudanças ambientais em desafios globais. Ao analisar, especificamente, a questão da biossegurança, torna-se importante, portanto, destacar dentro deste contexto de globalização, os aspectos relevantes de governança global (processo no qual diferentes atores estão envolvidos), mais especificamente, a transferência de política, no qual a formulação de políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento social é influenciada por experiências em contextos políticos distintos. Diante disto, foi definido como objetivo de pesquisa analisar como o Protocolo de Cartagena (instrumento legal independente desenvolvido em conformidade com a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica em 2000, Montreal) influenciou na formulação e na implementação da Política Nacional de Biossegurança (PNB) brasileira (com base na Lei nº 11.105) no que se refere aos alimentos transgênicos no período de 2000-2009. Para isto, foi realizada uma pesquisa documental sobre o tema de estudo e uma pesquisa empírica por meio de entrevista com pessoas que participam diretamente ou indiretamente na PNB e que, se não participam atualmente, já atuaram nesta Política ou acompanharam seu processo de formulação. Os resultados revelaram que é possível concluir que houve a existência de um processo de transferência de política do Protocolo de Cartagena à PNB, porém no formato de aprendizado (ou lesson drawing).

Hibridismos regulatórios: uma análise do processo de agencificação no saneamento básico brasileiro

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo entender como os fatores contextuais têm influenciado o processo de transferência do modelo de agência reguladora independente (ARI) no setor de saneamento básico brasileiro. Devido à divergência existente entre estes fatores contextuais, verificou-se que estão surgindo, pelo país, modelos distintos de ARIs. Sendo assim, a contribuição empírica desta dissertação está em, além de apresentar os fatores envolvidos na transferência do modelo, identificar os tipos de ARIs resultantes das divergências contextuais no saneamento básico. Estes modelos são: (i) ARI Estadual multissetorial, (ii) ARI estadual exclusiva de saneamento básico, (iii) ARI Municipal, (iv) ARI Regional ou Consorciada e (v) Buro/regulocracia. Entretanto, para chegar a estes resultados, foi necessário construir um modelo teórico que superasse as restrições existentes na literatura de policy transfer. Para tanto, esta teoria foi utilizada em conjunto com o path dependence, uma vez que, após as primeiras pesquisas no setor, verificou-se uma forte influência das variáveis históricas sobre o saneamento. Nesta interseção consiste a contribuição teórica deste trabalho, uma vez que, com a integração de elementos do path dependence na literatura de policy transfer foi possível romper com uma das principais limitações desta teoria: a unidirecionalidade da transferência.

Brazilian indexing and inertial inflation: evidence from time-varying estimates of an inflation transfer function

This paper is a theoretica1 and empirica1 study of the re1ationship between indexing po1icy and feedback mechanisms in the inflationary adjustment process in Brazil. The focus of our study is on two policy issues: (1) did the Brazilian system of indexing of interest rates, the exchange rate, and wages make inflation so dependent on its own past values that it created a significant feedback process and inertia in the behaviour of inflation in and (2) was the feedback effect of past inf1ation upon itself so strong that dominated the effect of monetary/fiscal variables upon current inflation? This paper develops a simple model designed to capture several "stylized facts" of Brazi1ian indexing po1icy. Separate ru1es of "backward indexing" for interest rates, the exchange rate, and wages, reflecting the evolution of po1icy changes in Brazil, are incorporated in a two-sector model of industrial and agricultural prices. A transfer function derived irom this mode1 shows inflation depending on three factors: (1) past values of inflation, (2) monetary and fiscal variables, and (3) supply- .shock variables. The indexing rules for interest rates, the exchange rate, and wages place restrictions on the coefficients of the transfer function. Variations in the policy-determined parameters of the indexing rules imply changes in the coefficients of the transfer function for inflation. One implication of this model, in contrast to previous results derived in analytically simpler models of indexing, is that a higher degree of indexing does not make current inflation more responsive to current monetary shocks. The empirical section of this paper studies the central hypotheses of this model through estimation of the inflation transfer function with time-varying parameters. The results show a systematic non-random variation of the transfer function coefficients closely synchronized with changes in the observed values of the wage-indexing parameters. Non-parametric tests show the variation of the transfer function coefficients to be statistically significant at the time of the changes in wage indexing rules in Brazil. As the degree of indexing increased, the inflation feadback coefficients increased, while the effect of external price and agricultura shocs progressively increased and monetary effects progressively decreased.

Understanding e-government technology transfer: evidence from the transfer of a patent management system from EPO to INPI

Drawing upon Brazilian experience, this research explores some of the key issues to be addressed in using e-government technical cooperation designed to enhance service provision of Patent Offices in developing countries. While the development of software applications is often seen merely as a technical engineering exercise, localization and adaptation are context bounded matters that are characterized by many entanglements of human and non-humans. In this work, technical, legal and policy implications of technical cooperation are also discussed in a complex and dynamic implementation environment characterized by the influence of powerful hidden agendas associated with the arena of intellectual property (IP), which are shaped by recent technological, economic and social developments in our current knowledge-based economy. This research employs two different theoretical lenses to examine the same case, which consists of transfer of a Patent Management System (PMS) from the European Patent Office (EPO) to the Brazilian Patent Office that is locally named ‘Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial’ (INPI). Fundamentally, we have opted for a multi-paper thesis comprising an introduction, three scientific articles and a concluding chapter that discusses and compares the insights obtained from each article. The first article is dedicated to present an extensive literature review on e-government and technology transfer. This review allowed the proposition on an integrative meta-model of e-government technology transfer, which is named E-government Transfer Model (ETM). Subsequently, in the second article, we present Actor-Network Theory (ANT) as a framework for understanding the processes of transferring e-government technologies from Patent Offices in developed countries to Patent Offices in developing countries. Overall, ANT is seen as having a potentially wide area of application and being a promising theoretical vehicle in IS research to carry out a social analysis of messy and heterogeneous processes that drive technical change. Drawing particularly on the works of Bruno Latour, Michel Callon and John Law, this work applies this theory to a longitudinal study of the management information systems supporting the Brazilian Patent Office restructuration plan that involved the implementation of a European Patent Management System in Brazil. Based upon the ANT elements, we follow the actors to identify and understand patterns of group formation associated with the technical cooperation between the Brazilian Patent Office (INPI) and the European Patent Office (EPO). Therefore, this research explores the intricate relationships and interactions between human and non-human actors in their attempts to construct various network alliances, thereby demonstrating that technologies embodies compromise. Finally, the third article applies ETM model as a heuristic frame to examine the same case previously studied from an ANT perspective. We have found evidence that ETM has strong heuristic qualities that can guide practitioners who are engaged in the transfer of e-government systems from developed to developing countries. The successful implementation of e-government projects in developing countries is important to stimulate economic growth and, as a result, we need to understand the processes through which such projects are being implemented and succeed. Here, we attempt to improve understanding on the development and stabilization of a complex social-technical system in the arena of intellectual property. Our preliminary findings suggest that e-government technology transfer is an inherently political process and that successful outcomes require continuous incremental actions and improvisations to address the ongoing issues as they emerge.