Dimensão cognitiva da relação mãe-filho excepcional e processo de ajuda

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar a proposta de um processo de ajuda às mães de excepcionais, aqui considerados os portadores de desvios mentais, físicos, sensoriais, múltiplos deficientes, com distúrbios emocionais ou de conduta. A fundamentação teórica inclui as contribuições de Spitz e Winnicott sobre a importância da relação mãe-filho e as experiências de diferentes autores, concernentes às características principais da relação Mãe-Filho Excepcional. Na elaboração da proposta, recorremos à contribuição da Teoria de Aprendizagem proposta por Bruner, destacando a dimensão cognitiva da mesma, aos pressupostos da Teoria de Carkhuff sobre Processo de Ajuda e às considerações de Festinger sobre a Teoria da Dissonância Cognitiva. A dinâmica do Processo de Ajuda subdivide-se em três fases principais, respectivamente responsáveis pela seleção e conhecimento do grupo, pela formação e preparação do mesmo, e a terceira, concernente ao desenvolvimento do processo propriamente dito. A avaliação e controle do processo foram igualmente planejados. Aspectos cognitivos da relação mãe-filho excepcional foram destacados, considerando-se também a evolução emocional da relação. Nossa. proposta tem características específicas, ao enfatizar a dimensão cognitiva "do processo de um trabalho de ajuda, podendo ser viável na realidade social brasileira.

The causal effect of family size on child labor and education

This paper investigates the causal relationship between family size and child labor and education among brazilian children. More especifically, it analyzes the impact of family size on child labor, school attendance, literacy and school progression. It explores the exogenous variation in family size driven by the presence of twins in the family. The results are consistent under the reasonable assumption that the instrument is a random event. Using the nationally representative brazilian household survey (Pnad), detrimental effects are found on child labor for boys. Moreover, significant effects are obtained for school progression for girls caused by the exogenous presence of the young siblings in the household.

Microeconomic instability and children's human capital accumulation: the effects of idiosyncratic shocks to father's income on child labor, school drop-outs and repetition rates in Brazil

This paper evaluates the long-run effects of economic instability. In particular, we study the impact of idiosyncratic shocks to father’s income on children’s human capital accumulation variables such as school drop-outs, repetition rates and domestic and non-domestic labor. Although, the problem of child labor in Brazil has declined greatly during the last decade, the number of children working is still substantial. The low levels of educational attainment in Brazil are also a main cause for concern. The large rotating panel data set used allows for the estimation of the impacts of changes in occupational and income status of fathers on changes in his child’s time allocation circumstances. The empirical analysis is restricted to families with fathers, mothers and at least one child between 10 and 15 years of age in the main Brazilian metropolitan areas during the 1982-1999 period. We perform logistic regressions controlling for child characteristics (gender, age, if he/she is behind in school for age), parents characteristics (grade attainment and income) and time and location variables. The main variables analyzed are dynamic proxies of impulses and responses, namely: shocks to household head’s income and unemployment status, on the one hand and child’s probability of dropping out of school, of repeating a grade and of start working, on the other. The findings suggest that father’s income has a significant positive correlation with child’s dropping out of school and of repeating a grade. The findings do not suggest a significant relationship between a father’s becoming unemployed and a child entering the non-domestic labor market. However, the results demonstrate a significant positive relationship between a father becoming unemployed and a child beginning to work in domestic labor. There was also a positive correlation between father becoming unemployed and a child dropping out and repeating a grade. Both gender and age were highly significant with boys and older children being more likely to work, drop-out and repeat grades.