Globalização de capacidades tecnológicas inovadoras e o papel de subsidiárias de empresas transnacionais (ETNs) no contexto de países em desenvolvimento: a trajetória de uma empresa do setor de TIC no Brasil

This dissertation seeks to add new evidence to the international debate on globalization of innovation in the developing countries context. Globalization of innovation, in this dissertation, is defined and measured by the types, levels and rate of innovative technological capability accumulation and the underlying technological learning processes (sources of capabilities) at the firm level in late-industrializing countries ¿ or developing countries. This relationship is examined within a large transnational corporation (TNC) subsidiary of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in Brasil: Motorola do Brasil during over the period from 1996 to 2006. In the international literature there is a strong debate on the extent to which innovative technological capabilities have been spreading internationally. But, the most of the studies are focused on early industrialized countries. In other words, there is still a scarcity of analysis, mainly at the firm level, from the perspective of developing countries. This dissertation supports itself in analytical basis developed in the international literature on accumulation of technological capabilities and learning in the context of developing countries. The learning processes examined in this dissertation are: (i) intra-firm learning processes; (ii) inter-firm learning processes (links between mother and sister companies); and (iii) links between the firm and other organizations of the innovation system (universities, research institutes, among others). Based on first-hand empirical evidence, qualitative and quantitative, collected on the basis of extensive fieldwork, this dissertation examines these issues with adequate level of detail and depth, in this large company in Brazil. The study results suggest that: Concerning the path of the technological capability accumulation, the firm exhibited heterogeneity in the path of accumulation of technological capabilities to distinct functions. For the functions Software Engineering and Process and Management Project the firm reached the Level 6 (Innovative Intermediate Superior), on a scale that ranges from 1 to 7; In relation to technological capability sources, the firm deliberately sought and built sources of knowledge in order to develop and sustain its innovative technological capabilities. The dissertation, thus, contributes to adding new empirical evidence to the debate on globalization of innovative capabilities from a late-industrializing perspective.

Globalização de capacidades tecnológicas inovadoras e o papel de subsidiárias de empresas transnacionais( ETNs) No contexto de países em desenvolvimento: a trajetória de uma empresa do setor de TIC no Brasil

This dissertation seeks to add new evidence to the international debate on globalization of innovation in the developing countries context. Globalization of innovation, in this dissertation, is defined and measured by the types, levels and rate of innovative technological capability accumulation and the underlying technological learning processes (sources of capabilities) at the firm level in late-industrializing countries ¿ or developing countries. This relationship is examined within a large transnational corporation (TNC) subsidiary of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in Brasil: Motorola do Brasil during over the period from 1996 to 2006. In the international literature there is a strong debate on the extent to which innovative technological capabilities have been spreading internationally. But, the most of the studies are focused on early industrialized countries. In other words, there is still a scarcity of analysis, mainly at the firm level, from the perspective of developing countries. This dissertation supports itself in analytical basis developed in the international literature on accumulation of technological capabilities and learning in the context of developing countries. The learning processes examined in this dissertation are: (i) intra-firm learning processes; (ii) inter-firm learning processes (links between mother and sister companies); and (iii) links between the firm and other organizations of the innovation system (universities, research institutes, among others). Based on first-hand empirical evidence, qualitative and quantitative, collected on the basis of extensive fieldwork, this dissertation examines these issues with adequate level of detail and depth, in this large company in Brazil. The study results suggest that: Concerning the path of the technological capability accumulation, the firm exhibited heterogeneity in the path of accumulation of technological capabilities to distinct functions. For the functions Software Engineering and Process and Management Project the firm reached the Level 6 (Innovative Intermediate Superior), on a scale that ranges from 1 to 7; In relation to technological capability sources, the firm deliberately sought and built sources of knowledge in order to develop and sustain its innovative technological capabilities. The dissertation, thus, contributes to adding new empirical evidence to the debate on globalization of innovative capabilities from a late-industrializing perspective.

Rótulos ambientais como ferramenta de acesso a mercados de países desenvolvidos

Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação sobre como rótulos ambientais de produção orgânica apóiam o acesso de produtos agroindustriais brasileiros aos mercados de países desenvolvidos (PDs). Três estudos de caso de empreendimentos nacionais são apresentados: uma empresa produtora de açúcar e outra de soja, além de uma cooperativa produtora de cacau em amêndoas - todos portadores de certificação orgânica e exportadores. No âmbito da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC), países em desenvolvimento (PEDs) e países menos-desenvolvidos (PMDs) entendem que a inserção dos setores agroindustriais - em que são mais competitivos - nos mercados de PDs é a contrapartida necessária à abertura de seus mercados domésticos a produtos industrializados e serviços. Nesse cenário em que os PDs protegem seus setores agroindustriais, este trabalho mostra que o segmento brasileiro dedicado à produção orgânica, mesmo pouco representativo se comparado ao convencional, incrementa sua participação internacional, tendo como principais destinos justamente os PDs. A análise dos casos estudados revela que os rótulos ambientais de produção orgânica, desde que reconhecidos nos mercados-destino, diferenciam e atribuem confiabilidade às commodities, facilitando o acesso ao mercado internacional. Contudo, são (i) a qualidade dos produtos e a (ii) capacidade das empresas criarem um relacionamento de longo prazo, cumprindo contratos e adaptando-se às necessidades dos clientes, os fatores principais na consolidação do acesso de produtos orgânicos ao mercado internacional. O trabalho apresenta ainda evidências de que aos olhos de consumidores localizados em PDs, os atributos socioambientais do processo de produção de mercadorias, garantidos por rótulos ambientais, influenciam as decisões de compra. A expansão do mercado orgânico se explica inicialmente por questões ligadas à saúde do indivíduo, mas também reflete preocupações com os impactos da produção, num mundo em que as cadeias produtivas encontram-se espalhados pelos continentes e em que os problemas ambientais locais são cada vez mais associados aos globais. Para a OMC, entretanto, restrições comerciais não podem se basear nesses atributos: um produto orgânico e seu semelhante convencional são a mesma coisa.