The best are never normal : exploring the distribution of firm performance

Competitive Strategy literature predicts three different mechanisms of performance generation, thus distinguishing between firms that have competitive advantage, firms that have competitive disadvantage or firms that have neither. Nonetheless, previous works in the field have fitted a single normal distribution to model firm performance. Here, we develop a new approach that distinguishes among performance generating mechanisms and allows the identification of firms with competitive advantage or disadvantage. Theorizing on the positive feedback loops by which firms with competitive advantage have facilitated access to acquire new resources, we proposed a distribution we believe data on firm performance should follow. We illustrate our model by assessing its fit to data on firm performance, addressing its theoretical implications and comparing it to previous works.

Citizens vs. banks: institutional drivers of financial market litigiousness in Brazil

This article analyzes the institutional drivers of Brazil’s alarmingly high levels of litigation between clients and financial institutions. Most of the policy oriented literature that explores that phenomenon discusses the impacts of a perceived debtor-friendly bias of Brazilian courts on generating feedback loops of litigation that further increases interest rates and creates adverse selection within the pool of potential debtors. This literature therefore addresses the way courts behave once disputes reach their doorstep; conversely, we take a step back to understand the underlying reasons for why such a large number of disputes end up in courts in the first place. We accordingly attribute endemic litigation in Brazilian financial markets to a framework of political, economic and legal institutions and circumstances, which this article aims to unbound and explain.

Gestão de utilidades na indústria : uma abordagem sistêmica

O trabalho em questão aborda o tema da necessidade de redução dos custos operacionais das indústrias utilizando-se de um método de gestão mais eficaz de utilidades, mais especificamente dos insumos naturais energia elétrica, água e gás ou óleo combustível, além do descarte de efluentes líquidos e rejeitos sólidos. O objetivo do mesmo é, através de um conjunto de metodologias e roteiros de pesquisa, gerar um programa de gestão de utilidade mais eficiente para as indústrias. Para isto, a abordagem do problema seguiu a metodologia da transparência, que fornece passos específicos para a análise. O embasamento teórico do trabalho seguiu a teoria da dinâmica de sistemas, fundamental na análise das variáveis envolvidas nos processos consumidores dos insumos naturais e de suas relações, seus loops de reforço e de feedback, seus estoques e fluxos dinâmicos. A aplicação do trabalho baseou-se em um estudo de caso feito em uma montadora de automóveis, no qual os dados foram colhidos e trabalhados e as sugestões de melhorias testadas. A estrutura do trabalho aborda primeiramente uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a metodologia da transparência e uma completa revisão sobre as mais diversas metodologias de análise através da dinâmica de sistemas e suas ferramentas. Após a revisão bibliográfica, partiu-se para um levantamento, através de questionários não estruturados, análise de documentação e entrevistas em campo. Os dados colhidos foram utilizados na montagem de diagramas causais e de estoques e fluxos, que evidenciaram as oportunidades de atuação para racionalização do uso. Uma vez montado o diagrama integrado, foram deduzidas as ações necessárias que basearam o plano de gerenciamento das utilidades, que por sua vez foi submetido a um comitê de gerentes e executivos responsáveis por este assunto na montadora referida. Algumas ações foram consideradas inviáveis e aquelas consideradas satisfatórias foram apresentadas como o resultado final do trabalho, constituindo assim a aferição da metodologia de obtenção de um plano de gestão de utilidades na indústria.

Tayloring Brazil: a system dynamics model for monetary policy feedback

The thesis introduces a system dynamics Taylor rule model of new Keynesian nature for monetary policy feedback in Brazil. The nonlinear Taylor rule for interest rate changes con-siders gaps and dynamics of GDP growth and inflation. The model closely tracks the 2004 to 2011 business cycle and outlines the endogenous feedback between the real interest rate, GDP growth and inflation. The model identifies a high degree of endogenous feedback for monetary policy and inflation, while GDP growth remains highly exposed to exogenous eco-nomic conditions. The results also show that the majority of the monetary policy moves during the sample period was related to GDP growth, despite higher coefficients of inflation parameters in the Taylor rule. This observation challenges the intuition that inflation target-ing leads to a dominance of monetary policy moves with respect to inflation. Furthermore, the results suggest that backward looking price-setting with respect to GDP growth has been the dominant driver of inflation. Moreover, simulation exercises highlight the effects of the new BCB strategy initiated in August 2011 and also consider recession and inflation avoid-ance versions of the Taylor rule. In methodological terms, the Taylor rule model highlights the advantages of system dynamics with respect to nonlinear policies and to the stock-and-flow approach. In total, the strong historical fit and some counterintuitive observations of the Taylor rule model call for an application of the model to other economies.

Global stabilizing feedback law for a problem of biological control of mosquito-borne diseases

The control of the spread of dengue fever by introduction of the intracellular parasitic bacterium Wolbachia in populations of the vector Aedes aegypti, is presently one of the most promising tools for eliminating dengue, in the absence of an efficient vaccine. The success of this operation requires locally careful planning to determine the adequate number of mosquitoes carrying the Wolbachia parasite that need to be introduced into the natural population. The latter are expected to eventually replace the Wolbachia-free population and guarantee permanent protection against the transmission of dengue to human. In this paper, we propose and analyze a model describing the fundamental aspects of the competition between mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia and mosquitoes free of the parasite. We then introduce a simple feedback control law to synthesize an introduction protocol, and prove that the population is guaranteed to converge to a stable equilibrium where the totality of mosquitoes carry Wolbachia. The techniques are based on the theory of monotone control systems, as developed after Angeli and Sontag. Due to bistability, the considered input-output system has multivalued static characteristics, but the existing results are unable to prove almost-global stabilization, and ad hoc analysis has to be conducted.