Criminalização da homofobia: a tensão entre direito penal simbólico e o reconhecimento de minoriais

Este trabalho inicia-se com o estudo a homofobia enquanto conceito polissêmico, com o fito de entendê-la profundamente. Para tanto, recorremos ao livro do autor franco-argentino Daniel Borrillo, que contém tanto a história deste fenômeno quanto o tratamento sócio-cultural a ele dispensado. A seguir, explicaremos as bases e os Princípios do Direito Penal Clássico, cuja missão é a proteção de bens juridicamente relevantes, que asseguram a perpetuação da vida em sociedade. Faremos uma comparação entre ele e o Direito Penal Simbólico, presente em legislações de emergência; sendo uma estratégia do Estado para fornecer respostas rápidas (e simbólicas) para certa demanda social. Abordaremos os prós e os contras da criminalização, sua viabilidade e necessidade. Por fim, analisaremos as alternativas à disposição do Poder Público para lidar com o preconceito sexual, que podem ser de cunho preventivo ou repressivo.

Citizens and the future of multilateralism in a polycentric world at 2030: the perspectives of emerging countries for the trading system: the impasse of WTO, the trends of mega agreements, the logic of value chains and the advent of consumers concerns on international trade

A new paradigm is modeling the World: evolutionary innovations in all fronts, new information technologies, huge mobility of capital, use of risky financial tools, globalization of production, new emerging powers and the impact of consumer concerns on governmental policies. These phenomena are shaping the World and forcing the advent of a new World Order in the Multilateral Monetary, Financial, and Trading System. The effects of this new paradigm are also transforming global governance. The political and economic orders established after the World War and centered on the multilateral model of UN, IMF, World Bank, and the GATT, leaded by the developed countries, are facing significant challenges. The rise of China and emerging countries shifted the old model to a polycentric World, where the governance of these organizations are threatened by emerging countries demanding a bigger participation in the role and decision boards of these international bodies. As a consequence, multilateralism is being confronted by polycentrism. Negotiations for a more representative voting process and the pressure for new rules to cope with the new demands are paralyzing important decisions. This scenario is affecting seriously not only the Monetary and Financial Systems but also the Multilateral Trading System. International trade is facing some significant challenges: a serious deadlock to conclude the last round of the multilateral negotiation at the WTO, the fragmentation of trade rules by the multiplication of preferential and mega agreements, the arrival of a new model of global production and trade leaded by global value chains that is threatening the old trade order, and the imposition of new sets of regulations by private bodies commanded by transnationals to support global value chains and non-governmental organizations to reflect the concerns of consumers in the North based on their precautionary attitude about sustainability of products made in the World. The lack of any multilateral order in this new regulation is creating a big cacophony of rules and developing a new regulatory war of the Global North against the Global South. The objective of this paper is to explore how these challenges are affecting the Tradinge System and how it can evolve to manage these new trends.