O ajuste fiscal nos estados 1998-2007

O presente projeto de pesquisa analisa o ajuste fiscal nos estados nos últimos dez anos. Existe um amplo consenso de que esse grande avanço fiscal ocorreu principalmente em decorrência Lei nº 9.496/97, que vinculou a renegociação das dívidas estaduais com a implementação de um amplo programa de saneamento financeiro, assim como, pela promulgação da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF). O estudo mostra que , como regra geral, o padrão de ajuste fiscal implementado na maioria dos estados foi marcado principalmente, por um forte aumento das receitas tributárias. A contribuição do controle das despesas foi bastante limitada o que resultou em um padrão de ajuste fiscal de má qualidade, já a obtenção de crescentes superávits primários resultaram essencialmente do aumento da carga tributária.

Fiscal adjustment, conditionality and politics in IMF programs

A common feature in programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is the use of conditionalities, macroeconomic and structural measures that a requesting country should adopt to obtain an assistance package. The objective of this work is to conduct an empirical analysis of the economic and political determinants of such conditionalities. In particular, our main contribution consists in the development of a new measure of conditionality, fiscal adjustment, and its comparison with the most used in the literature, the number of conditions. We choose fiscal adjustment because it is an adequate proxy for program austerity, since its implementation carries economic and political costs. In the empirical exercise, we use data from 184 programs in the period of 1999 and 2012, and estimate how our two measures of conditionalities respond to the economic and political factors. Our results suggest that they are quite different. The main determinant of the number of conditions is the political proximity of the borrowing country to the Fund’s major shareholders, the members of G5. On the other hand, the main determinant of fiscal adjustment is the size of the government fiscal deficit. Finally, we did not find correlation between the size of fiscal adjustment and the number of conditions. These results suggest that the analysis of the content of IMF programs should take into account the different measures of agreed conditionality.