Efeitos da recuperação paralela e de interperíodos de expressão gráfica, nos alunos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro e da Fundação Técnico Educacional Souza Marques

Foram analisados dois tipos de recuperação - paralela e interper(odos - para as disciplinas Desenho Técnico da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro e Geometria Descritiva da Fundação Técnico Educacional Souza Marques. Em cada tipo de recuperação foram levados em conta os resultados obtidos pelos alunos em provas gráficas e trabalhos práticos, bem como os recursos h\.lmanos e materiais empregados. Foi possível concluir, considerando estes aspectos, que os doi~ tipos de recuperação são aconselháveis. Os dados obt,idos confirmaram a importância ped~Ó$lica e econômica da recuperação de alunos nas disciplinas estudadas, apontanqo a oportunid~e de noY'Qs estudos em outras disciplinas do campo da Expresslo Gráfica pará Éngenheiros.

A model of rural conflict : violence and land reform policy in Brazil

In the past ten years the struggle for land in Brazil has taken the shape of invasions of private land by welI organized groups of land less squatters. It is argued in this paper that these invasions and the resulting contlicts are a direct response to the land reform program which has been adopted by the govemment since 1985. which is based on the expropriation of farms and the creation of settlement projects. The set of formal and informal institutions which compromise the land reform program are used as the background for a game-theory model of rural contlicts. T estable implications are derived trom this model with particular emphasis on the etfect of policy variables on violence. These are then tested with panel data at state levei from 1988 to 1995. - It is shown that govemment policy which has the intent of reducing the amount of violence has the opposite etfect of leading to more incentives for contlicts.

Energy subsidies and WTO dispute settlement: why only renewable energy subsidies are challenged?

Over the past few years, renewable energy subsidies have become one of the main sources of trade disputes in the WTO. A total of six cases have been initiated against renewable energy subsidy programs since the first of such disputes was brought by Japan against Canada’s Feed in Tariff (FIT) program in 2010. Yet not even a single case has so far been initiated against the much larger and environmentally harmful fossil fuel subsidies. The main objective of this paper is to examine what makes renewable energy subsidies vulnerable to WTO dispute, as compared fossil fuel subsidies.