A avaliação de estagio no ensino de 2. grau

O presente trabalho, requisito complementar para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Educação, visa sugerir formas adicionais de controle do trabalho escolar, no ensino de 2o grau profissionalizante. Apoia-se na legislação vigente para a análise de incoerencias que estariam a frustar os objetivos daquele nível de ensino e identifica o Estágio Orientado na Empresa como a etapa onde deveria se processar uma mais efetiva reavaliaçao do trabalho escolar. Como contribuição à solução da questao, propoe um modelo de avaliação para esse tipo de estágio, destinado ao seu acompanhamento e controle, de forma a fazer do mesmo, um efetivo instrumento de integração Escola-Empresa em prol da educação profissionalizante. O estudo está estruturado em duas partes. A primeira compõe-se de dois capítulos: o Capítulo I introduz o tema, ressalta os seus objetivos e justifica a sua escolha, acrescentando, ainda, algumas definições destinadas a imprimir maior clareza contextual ao desenvolvimento do trabalho; o Capítulo 2 trata de melhor delimitar o estudo, quando apresenta algumas considerações sobre as Funções da Escola, o Trabalho Escolar e o Estágio Orientado na Empresa. A segunda parte, tambem com dois capítulos (3 e 4), trata, no Capítulo 3, da caracterização das Escolas Técnicas Federais: discorre sobre algumas disfunções ali praticadas; inicia um estudo exemplificativo destinado à Introdução do referido modelo de avaliação, e situa a posiçao alcançada por aquelas escolas no tocante à implantaçao do denominado Serviço de Integração Escola-Empresa. O Capítulo 4 é a proposta propriamente dita de avaliação e controle do trabalho escolar através de Estágio Orientado na Empresa. São apresentados os fatores e os parâmetros da avaliação pretendida para, entao, discorrer sobre a metodologia de aplicação, com detalhamentos que vao desde a classificação das atividades e tarefas dos estágios, até a sua análise final com os conceitos e os·pareceres. Como parte complementar desta proposta, é sugerida a estruturação de um organismo funcional, à semelhança de um BANCO DE DADOS, destinado à metodização de aproveitamento dos registros do processo de avaliação para o proveito da açao pedagógica. Como referência justificadora desta proposta de alteraçao dos dispositivos de avaliação do estágio, -e apresentado um levantamento-pesquisa preliminar, em forma de diagnóstico, desenvolvido na escola que serviu de fonte para o referido estudo exemplificativo. Trata-se de uma amostra da situação encontrada e, bastante, para justificar as alterações propostas, além de fornecer subsidios orientadores à sua elaboração. Os anexos, em número de 5, contem os modelos propostos para os principais instrumentos de avaliação do Estágio, bem como as instruções adicionais destinadas ao aluno. A Bibliografia consultada apoia-se basicamente na legislação em vigor para o ensino de 2o grau.

Child labor and learning

This paper investigates the impact of working while in school on learning outcomes through the use of a unique micro panel dataset of Brazilian students. The potential endogeneity is addressed through the use of di erence-in-di erence and instrumental variable estimators. A negative e ect of working on learning outcomes in both math and Portuguese is found. The e ects of child work range from 3% to 8% of a standard deviation decline in test score which represents a loss of about a quarter to a half of a year of learning on average. We also explore the minimum legal age to entry in the labor market to induce an exogenous variation in child labor status. The results reinforce the detrimental e ects of child labor on learning. Additionally, it is found that this e ect is likely due to the interference of work with the time kids can devote to school and school work.

Microeconomic instability and children's human capital accumulation: the effects of idiosyncratic shocks to father's income on child labor, school drop-outs and repetition rates in Brazil

This paper evaluates the long-run effects of economic instability. In particular, we study the impact of idiosyncratic shocks to father’s income on children’s human capital accumulation variables such as school drop-outs, repetition rates and domestic and non-domestic labor. Although, the problem of child labor in Brazil has declined greatly during the last decade, the number of children working is still substantial. The low levels of educational attainment in Brazil are also a main cause for concern. The large rotating panel data set used allows for the estimation of the impacts of changes in occupational and income status of fathers on changes in his child’s time allocation circumstances. The empirical analysis is restricted to families with fathers, mothers and at least one child between 10 and 15 years of age in the main Brazilian metropolitan areas during the 1982-1999 period. We perform logistic regressions controlling for child characteristics (gender, age, if he/she is behind in school for age), parents characteristics (grade attainment and income) and time and location variables. The main variables analyzed are dynamic proxies of impulses and responses, namely: shocks to household head’s income and unemployment status, on the one hand and child’s probability of dropping out of school, of repeating a grade and of start working, on the other. The findings suggest that father’s income has a significant positive correlation with child’s dropping out of school and of repeating a grade. The findings do not suggest a significant relationship between a father’s becoming unemployed and a child entering the non-domestic labor market. However, the results demonstrate a significant positive relationship between a father becoming unemployed and a child beginning to work in domestic labor. There was also a positive correlation between father becoming unemployed and a child dropping out and repeating a grade. Both gender and age were highly significant with boys and older children being more likely to work, drop-out and repeat grades.

Work, study, both or neither? time allocation of Brazilian teenagers

Labor force participation among youth is extremely high in Brazil when compared to countries with a similar economic background. In Argentina and Chile labor force participation, among those with 10 to 14 years old, is around 1% while in Brazil this rate is as high as 17 %. For the those between 15 and 19 years old these figures are around 10% in Chile, 15% in Argentina and 53% in Brazil. On the other hand the data on school attendance give a more optimistic picture. The percentage of children, between 10 and 14 years old, enrolled in school increased steadily from 79% to 95% from 1981 to 1998 and with age between 15 and 19, from 46% to 66% in the same period. These figures are close to the ones presented by Chile and Argentina. around 99% among the youngest group and around 70% for the 15 to 19 years old group. The objective of the paper is to understand the determinants of the time allocation decision of the Brazilian youth during the last twenty years. Using a multinomial logit regression we investigate the conditional effect of various micro and macro variables on the time allocation decision for the 1991 to 1998 period. Our main findings are: working and studying became the most likely allocation among the youngest in the poor rural areas and, in general, to study, whether working or not, became less dependent on family background for the youngest group but not for the older.

The long-term effects of conditional cash transfers on child labor and school enrollment

This paper investigates the long-term e ects of conditional cash transfers on school attainment and child labor. To this end, we construct a dynamic heterogeneous agent model, calibrate it with Brazilian data, and introduce a policy similar to the Brazilian Bolsa Fam lia. Our results suggest that this type of policy has a very strong impact on educational outcomes, sharply increasing primary school completion. The conditional transfer is also able to reduce the share of working children from 22% to 17%. We then compute the transition to the new steady state and show that the program actually increases child labor over the short run, because the transfer is not enough to completely cover the schooling costs, so children have to work to be able to comply with the program's schooling eligibility requirement. We also evaluate the impacts on poverty, inequality, and welfare.

A sociometric analysis for the creation of an integrated multicultural work team

This research aimed to apply the sociometric theory and its methodology to create an integrated multicultural work team. The study focused on the application of the sociometry theory, developed by Jacob L. Moreno in 1934, to analyze the small multicultural group. In the beginning, a review of the literature was done to have a better understanding of Sociometric Theory as well as the modern tools and software developed to analyze and map the social networks. After this part of the study, the qualitative study was done, in which 26 students from 12 countries, which studied together in a Corporate International Master (2014-2015), developed by Georgetown University’s McDonough School of Business, Corporate Master of Business Administration from ESADE Business School and FGV/EBAPE, were surveyed and asked them to choose people, among the selected group, who they attracted, rejected or they were neutral towards, in 4 different scenarios: work team, leadership, trip (leisure time) and personal problem. Additionally, there were, two questions asked about how they felt when they answered the survey and which question(s) was/were difficult to answer and why. The focus on these two questions was to understand the emotional state of the respondents when they answered the survey and related this emotional state to the Sociometric Theory. The sociometric matrix, using Microsoft Excel, was created using the answers and the total of the positive, negative and neutral choices were analyzed for each scenario as well as the mutualities and incongruences of the choices. Furthermore, the software Kumu was used to analyze the connections between the people in the selected group using three metrics: size, degree centrality and indegree. Also Kumu was used to draw the social maps or sociometric maps. Using the relationship level analyses of the sociometric matrix and maps, it was possible to create an integrated multicultural work team. In the end, the results obtained suggest that it is possible to apply the sociometric methodology to study the relationships inside companies, project teams and work teams and identify the best work team based on the interrelationship between the people as well as the lack of communication among the team members, project team or inside the company as a whole.