The implications of embodiment and Putty-Clay to economic development

In this paper we construct and analyze a growth model with the following three ingredients. (i) Technological progress is embodied. (ii) The production function of a firm is such that the firm makes both technology upgrade as well as capital and labor decisions. (iii) The firm’s production technology is putty-clay. We assume that there are disincentives to the accumulation of capital, resulting in a divergence between the social and the private cost of investment. We solve a single firm’s problem in this environment. Then we determine general equilibrium prices of capital goods of different vintages. Using these prices we aggregate firms’ decisions and construct the theoretical analogues of National Income statistics. This generates a relationship between disincentives and per capita incomes. We analyze this relationship and show the quantitative and qualitative roles of embodiment and putty-clay. We also show how the model is taken to data, quantified and used to determine to what extent income gaps across countries can be attributed to disincentives.

Produção de acetato de etila em biorrefinaria: uma análise de viabilidade

O estudo aqui apresentado tem como objetivo mostrar que a competitividade da indústria química brasileira pode ser revista por meio do desenvolvimento da área química a partir dos recursos naturais renováveis e de alto desempenho de produtividade, aqui representado pela cana-de-açúcar. A base deste estudo analisa a competitividade econômica da produção do acetato de etila, utilizando o etanol como única matéria-prima, sendo o Brasil um grande exportador e, ao mesmo tempo, detentor de um mercado interno forte quando comparado a outros países desenvolvidos. O acetato de etila exportado representou 52% da capacidade nominal instalada no Brasil no ano de 2008. No Brasil existem três ofertantes, mas apenas um produtor é exportador. Todos usam a esterificação como tecnologia de produção, via reação do ácido acético e etanol, sendo o ácido acético largamente importado. O estudo tem como premissa que a competitividade do acetato de etila no Brasil seja dada pelo etanol, que aqui é produzido pela fermentação do caldo de cana-de-açúcar. Já a tecnologia de esterificação é conhecida e de domínio público mundial, e o ácido acético é uma commodity petroquímica com preço referenciado globalmente. Argumenta-se neste trabalho que a competitividade do acetato de etila decorre da linkage com a produção de etanol de cana-de-açúcar, o que coloca o Brasil como grande potencial exportador desse produto. Utilizando a tecnologia de desidrogenação do etanol, pode-se obter acetato de etila utilizando-se apenas o etanol como matéria-prima, reduzindo-se assim a necessidade de importação de ácido acético, que representaria redução anual do déficit da balança comercial petroquímica brasileira em aproximadamente meio bilhão de dólares e, ademais, permitindo que o acetato de etila produzido no Brasil seja ainda mais competitivo. A partir deste estudo é possível avaliar, por analogia, a competitividade de outros produtos químicos produzidos a partir da matriz cana-de-açúcar, tais como eteno, lubrificantes, plásticos etc. Tal caminho permite criar um novo marco para a indústria química brasileira, com consequente redução da dependência de petróleo e gás natural.

Inflation and occupational choices

This paper studies the impact of (high rates) of infiation on ocupational choices in a model where the demand for labor is derived from a production technology that uses capital, productive labor, and managerial services done by administrative labor and money; while the supply of both kinds of labor is rigid in the short-run due to irreversible professional choices. The dynamic path of the economy after stabilization plans exhibits the main sty!ized facts reported in the literature inc1uding an initial consumption boon followed by a gradual adjustment. In its open economy version, the initial phase of the transitional dynamics exhibits capital infiight. The model also generates an increase of income inequality during the trasitional dynamics.

A technological innovation for capsicums production in Peru: the mechatronics arms

Peru agricultural exports have increased in recent years due to (i) free trade agreements with many countries (United States, Canada, European Union, China, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Chile, among others), (ii) an increasing international demand for healthy products, (iii) country´s economic development and (iv) more private investments in this sector (Velazco 2012). Also, if we can compare among Peru three main regions (Coast, Andean highlands and the Jungle), It is the Coast (western region) that has a developed agricultural production due to unique weather conditions, private investments, public infrastructure, transport costs and quality of land (Gomez, 2008). This country development is also related to the production of non-traditional products for export like asparagus, artichokes, capsicums, bananas, grapes, among others; produced by agro industrial companies and small farmers and that are mainly labor intensive (Gomez, 2008 and Velazco, 2012). This very successful export diversification and self-discovery process was the result of a combination of strong natural comparative advantages (mainly excellent agro climatic conditions) and a significant innovation effort. It meant the introduction and expansion of new products and markets, the entry of new firms, and experimental research and the adoption of new techniques and process technologies developed abroad (in irrigation, crop management, post-harvesting, sanitary control, storage and packing) to produce high-quality, niche (gourmet) and higher value-added products, in line with consumer trends in sophisticated food markets. In products such as asparagus, mango, organic coffee and capsicums, Peru has become a leading world exporter (OECD). For this reason one of the government main tasks for the next years is to meet urgent agriculture producer’s needs in the areas of technological Innovation and business management (MINAG). In this context, this thesis analyzes the applicability of a new technology – the mechatronic arms – specifically to capsicums production sector in Peru. We chose Capsicums production sector (paprika, chilli pepper) because is mainly labor intensive and is the sector where my family company (DIROSE SAC) operates. This innovation consists in a 40 arms mechatronic combine, and it was first created in order to improve the efficiency on the labor intensive phase of harvest for this kind of agriculture products. It is estimated that a laborer with brief training operating the machine would be equivalent to 40 people that not only would work during daytime, but also on the night shift as well. Also, using this new technology can allow a company to make additional crops that would increase their yields and annual revenues. This thesis was developed as a business plan to make this new product available for other agriculture companies that operates in the capsicums production sector in Peru; however, this new technology has the potential to be modified in order to be available to other kind of agriculture products, in Peru and other countries.

Environmental regulation, technology adoption and structural transformation: evidence from Brazilian sugarcane industry

We estimate the effects of the adoption of mechanized agriculture led by a new environmental regulation on structural change of local labor markets within a large emerging country, Brazil. In 2002, the state of S\~{a}o Paulo passed a law outlying the timeline to end sugarcane pre-harvest burning in the state. The environmental law led to the fast adoption of mechanized harvest. We investigate if the labor intensity of sugarcane production decreases; and, if so, if it leads to structural changes in the labor market. We use satellite data containing the type of sugarcane harvesting -- manual or mechanic harvest -- paired with official labor market data.%, also geomorphometric data base for our instrumental variable correction. We find suggestive evidence that mechanization of the field led to an increase in utilization of formal workers and a reduction in formal labor intensity in the sugarcane sector. This is partially compensated by an increase in the share of workers in other agricultural crops and in the construction and services sector. Although we find a reduction in employment in the manufacturing sector, the demand generated by the new agro-industries affected positively the all sectors via an increase in workers' wage.