The missing link: using the NBER recession indicator to construct coincident and leading indices economic activity

We use the information content in the decisions of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee to construct coincident and leading indices of economic activity for the United States. We identify the coincident index by assuming that the coincident variables have a common cycle with the unobserved state of the economy, and that the NBER business cycle dates signify the turning points in the unobserved state. This model allows us to estimate our coincident index as a linear combination of the coincident series. We establish that our index performs better than other currently popular coincident indices of economic activity.

The missing link: using the NBER recession indicator to construct coincident and leading indices economic activity

We use the information content in the decisions of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee to construct coincident and leading indices of economic activity for the United States. We identify the coincident index by assuming that the coincident variables have a common cycle with the unobserved state of the economy, and that the NBER business cycle dates signify the turning points in the unobserved state. This model allows us to estimate our coincident index as a linear combination of the coincident series. We establish that our index performs better than other currently popular coincident indices of economic activity.

Constructing coincident and leading indices of economic activity for the brazilian economy

This paper has three original contributions. The first is the reconstruction effort of the series of employment and income to allow the creation of a new coincident index for the Brazilian economic activity. The second is the construction of a coincident index of the economic activity for Brazil, and from it, (re)establish a chronology of recessions in the recent past of the Brazilian economy. The coincident index follows the methodology proposed by TCB and it covers the period 1980:1 to 2007:11. The third is the construction and evaluation of many leading indicators of economic activity for Brazil which fills an important gap in the Brazilian Business Cycles literature.

The missing link: using the NBER recession indicator to construct coincident and leading indices economic activity

We use the information content in the decisions of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee to construct coincident and leading indices of economic activity for the United States. We identify the coincident index by assuming that the coincident variables have a common cycle with the unobserved state of the economy, and that the NBER business cycle dates signify the turning points in the unobserved state. This model allows us to estimate our coincident index as a linear combination of the coincident series. We compare the performance of our index with other currently popular coincident indices of economic activity.

Essays on the general equilibrium effects of barriers to trade on economic growth, foreign trade and the location of economic activity in Brazil

This work presents a fully operational interstate CGE model implemented for the Brazilian economy that tries to quantify both the role of barriers to trade on economic growth and foreign trade performance and how the distribution of the economic activity may change as the country opens up to foreign trade. Among the distinctive features embedded in the model, modeling of external scale economies, port efficiency and land-maritime transport costs provides an innovative way of dealing explicitly with theoretical issues related to integrated regional systems. In order to illustrate the role played by the quality of infrastructure and geography on the country‟s foreign and interregional trade performance, a set of simulations is presented where barriers to trade are significantly reduced. The relative importance of trade policy, port efficiency and land-maritime transport costs for the country trade relations and regional growth is then detailed and quantified, considering both short run as well as long run scenarios. A final set of simulations shed some light on the effects of liberal trade policies on regional inequality, where the manufacturing sector in the state of São Paulo, taken as the core of industrial activity in the country, is subjected to different levels of external economies of scale. Short-run core-periphery effects are then traced out suggesting the prevalence of agglomeration forces over diversion forces could rather exacerbate regional inequality as import barriers are removed up to a certain level. Further removals can reverse this balance in favor of diversion forces, implying de-concentration of economic activity. In the long run, factor mobility allows a better characterization of the balance between agglomeration and diversion forces among regions. Regional dispersion effects are then clearly traced-out, suggesting horizontal liberal trade policies to benefit both the poorest regions in the country as well as the state of São Paulo. This long run dispersion pattern, on one hand seems to unravel the fragility of simple theoretical results from recent New Economic Geography models, once they get confronted with more complex spatially heterogeneous (real) systems. On the other hand, it seems to capture the literature‟s main insight: the possible role of horizontal liberal trade policies as diversion forces leading to a more homogeneous pattern of interregional economic growth.

Constructing coincident and leading indices of economic activity for the brazilian economy

This paper has three original contributions. The first is the reconstruction effort of the series of employment and income to allow the creation of a new coincident index for the Brazilian economic activity. The second is the construction of a coincident index of the economic activity for Brazil, and from it, (re) establish a chronology of recessions in the recent past of the Brazilian economy. The coincident index follows the methodology proposed by The Conference Board (TCB) and it covers the period 1980:1 to 2007:11. The third is the construction and evaluation of many leading indicators of economic activity for Brazil which fills an important gap in the Brazilian Business Cycles literature.

Constructing coincident and leading indices of economic activity for the Brazilian economy

This paper has three original contributions. The fi rst is the reconstruction effort of the series of employment and income to allow the creation of a new coincident index for the Brazilian economic activity. The second is the construction of a coincident index of the economic activity for Brazil, and from it, (re) establish a chronology of recessions in the recent past of the Brazilian economy. The coincident index follows the methodology proposed by The Conference Board (TCB) and it covers the period 1980:1 to 2007:11. The third is the construction and evaluation of many leading indicators of economic activity for Brazil which fills an important gap in the Brazilian Business-Cycle literature.

Assessing global economic activity linkages: an empirical exercise based on global autoregressive regression

Economic performance increasingly relies on global economic environment due to the growing importance of trade and nancial links among countries. Literature on growth spillovers shows various gains obtained by this interaction. This work aims at analyzing the possible e ects of a potential economic growth downturn in China, Germany and United States on the growth of other economies. We use global autoregressive regression approach to assess interdependence among countries. Two types of phenomena are simulated. The rst one is a one time shock that hit these economies. Our simulations use a large shock of -2.5 standard deviations, a gure very similar to what we saw back in the 2008 crises. The second experiment simulate the e ect of a hypothetical downturn of the aforementioned economies. Our results suggest that the United States play the role of a global economy a ecting countries across the globe whereas Germany and China play a regional role.

Índices antecedentes e coincidentes da atividade econômica brasileira:uma aplicação da análise de correlação canônica

This paper uses canonical correlation analisys to identify leading and coincident indicators of economic activity in Brazil. ln contrast with the traditional literature on the subject, no restrictions are made regarding the number of common cycles that are necessary to explain the complete cyclical behavior of the coincident variables. For the brazillian data, it is found that three common cycles exhaust all the cyclical pattern of economic activity. Based on the methodology developed here, it is also sugested an alternative chronology of the recent brazillian recessions.

Previsões de inflação com a curva de Phillips

O objetivo do trabalho investigar qualidade das previsões da taxa de inflação brasileira utilizando-se uma alternativa tradicional unemployment rate Phillips curve. Utilizaremos diversas variáveis que espelham nível de atividade econômica no Brasil em substituição ao hiato entre taxa de desemprego taxa natural de desemprego (NAIRU). Essas variáveis serão trabalhadas e baseado em critérios mencionados ao longo do estudo, serão classificadas por nível de erro de previsibilidade. objetivo ao final do trabalho sugerir indicadores variáveis de nível de atividade disponíveis publicamente que melhor possam interagir com dinâmica da inflação brasileira.

Missão aduana brasileira, sob a ótica empresarial

An investigation about the mission of brazilian customs, mainly on its relationship with the economic activity, complemented by historical aspects ans views of other stackholders.

Ensaios sobre inflação e política monetária

Esta tese tem por objetivo principal o estudo da relação entre atividade econômica, inflação e política monetária no tocante a três aspectos importantes. O primeiro, a perspectiva histórica da evolução da relação entre atividade e inflação no pensamento econômico. O segundo, a análise da dinâmica inflacionária utilizando um modelo com fundamentação microeconômica, no caso a curva de Phillips Novo-Keynesiana, com uma aplicação ao caso brasileiro. O terceiro, a avaliação da eficiência dos mecanismos de sinalização de política monetária utilizados pelo Banco Central no Brasil com base nos movimentos na estrutura a termo da taxa de juros com a mudança da meta da Selic. O elemento central que une estes ensaios é a necessidade do formulador de política econômica compreender o impacto significativo das ações de política monetária na definição do curso de curto prazo da economia real para atingir seus objetivos de aliar crescimento econômico com estabilidade de preços. Os resultados destes ensaios indicam que o modelo Novo-Keynesiano, resultado de um longo desenvolvimento na análise econômica, constitui-se numa ferramenta valiosa para estudar a relação entre atividade e inflação. Uma variante deste modelo foi empregada para estudar com relativo sucesso a dinâmica inflacionária no Brasil, obtendo valores para rigidez da economia próximos ao comportamento observado em pesquisas de campo. Finalmente, foi aliviada a previsibilidade das ações do Banco Central para avaliar o estágio atual de desenvolvimento do sistema de metas no Brasil, através da reação da estrutura a termo de juros às mudanças na meta da taxa básica (Selic). Os resultados indicam que comparando o período de 2003 a 2008 com 2000 a 2003, verificamos que os resultados apontam para o aumento da previsibilidade das decisões do Banco Central. Este fato pode ser explicado por alguns fatores: o aprendizado do público sobre o comportamento do Banco Central; a menor volatilidade econômica no cenário econômico e o aperfeiçoamento dos mecanismos de sinalização e da própria operação do sistema de metas. Comparando-se o efeito surpresa no Brasil com aqueles obtidos por países que promoveram mudanças significativas para aumentar a transparência da política monetária no período de 1990 a 1997, observa-se que o efeito surpresa no Brasil nas taxas de curto prazo reduziu-se significativamente. No período de 2000 a 2003, o efeito surpresa era superior aos de EUA, Alemanha e Reino Unido e era da mesma ordem de grandeza da Itália. No período de 2003 a 2008, o efeito surpresa no Brasil está próximo dos valores dos EUA e Alemanha e inferiores aos da Itália e Reino Unido.

Os preços administrados e a condução de política monetária no Brasil

Esta dissertação trata da questão dos preços administrados no Brasil sob a argumentação de que os mesmos apresentam uma persistência mais acentuada do que os demais preços da economia. Para alcançar este objetivo foram verificados alguns testes de persistência inflacionária. Em seguida, utilizou-se a metodologia dos Vetores de Correção de Erro (VEC) para estudar a relação dos preços administrados com as variáveis mais importantes da economia brasileira, tais como, produto, taxa de câmbio, preços livres e taxa de juros Selic. Por fim, utilizou-se do instrumental de Mankiw e Reis (2003) para verificar qual o índice de preços seria mais adequado para manter a atividade econômica brasileira mais próxima de seu nível potencial. Os resultados encontrados foram os seguintes: 1) observou-se persistência do IPCA representada pelos preços administrados; 2) a autoridade monetária responde a choques dos preços monitorados com maior veemência do que a choques nos preços livres; 3) o exercício de Mankiw e Reis (2003) apontou que a porcentagem dos preços monitorados deve ser menor que a atual do IPCA em um índice de preços estabilizador. Desta forma, mostra-se que a presença dos preços administrados dificulta pronunciadamente a condução de política monetária no Brasil.

Ensaios em econometria aplicada

This thesis has three chapters. Chapter 1 explores literature about exchange rate pass-through, approaching both empirical and theoretical issues. In Chapter 2, we formulate an estate space model for the estimation of the exchange rate pass-through of the Brazilian Real against the US Dollar, using monthly data from August 1999 to August 2008. The state space approach allows us to verify some empirical aspects presented by economic literature, such as coe cients inconstancy. The estimates o ffer evidence that the pass-through had variation over the observed sample. The state space approach is also used to test whether some of the "determinants" of pass-through are related to the exchange rate pass-through variations observed. According to our estimates, the variance of the exchange rate pass-through, monetary policy and trade ow have infuence on the exchange rate pass-through. The third and last chapter proposes the construction of a coincident and leading indicator of economic activity in the United States of America. These indicators are built using a probit state space model to incorporate the deliberations of the NBER Dating Cycles Committee regarding the state of the economy in the construction of the indexes. The estimates o ffer evidence that the NBER Committee weighs the coincident series (employees in nonagricultural payrolls, industrial production, personal income less transferences and sales) di fferently way over time and between recessions. We also had evidence that the number of employees in nonagricultural payrolls is the most important coincident series used by the NBER to de fine the periods of recession in the United States.