Executivo e legislativo no âmbito municipal: a formação de gabinetes no município de São Paulo (1989-2012)

O desenho político-institucional dos municípios brasileiros segue a lógica da esfera federal. Tal sistema tem por características gerais o termo de duração fixa e próprio, tanto para o Executivo quanto para o Legislativo, ou seja, ambos são eleitos diretamente – eleições majoritárias e proporcionais, respectivamente – sem estarem sujeitos à confiança mútua como no sistema parlamentarista. Dada a separação de poderes e o conflito que a literatura ressalta no âmbito federal entre Legislativo e Executivo, o estudo examina a estrutura da dinâmica dessa relação no âmbito municipal. Nesse sentido, o escopo tange as estratégias adotadas na formação dos gabinetes no município de São Paulo de 1989 a 2012, ou seja, contempla 6 (seis) diferentes gestões paulistanas. Para isso foi investigado o perfil político-partidário do secretariado e a correspondência em termos de cadeiras no Legislativo paulistano, bem como os resultados acerca da aprovação de proposituras de iniciativa do Executivo. Os resultados encontrados destacam que a distribuição de pastas não acarreta em um suporte da maioria do parlamento, como no caso federal. Entretanto, apesar da ausência desse apoio, praticamente todos os projetos do Executivo que chegaram ao Plenário foram aprovados. Assim, o estudo aponta que o compartilhamento de poder através da nomeação de secretários partidários é uma ferramenta importante do Executivo, porém pode não ser a única garantidora de uma coalizão majoritária que explique o sucesso legislativo do prefeito.

Citizens and the future of multilateralism in a polycentric world at 2030: the perspectives of emerging countries for the trading system: the impasse of WTO, the trends of mega agreements, the logic of value chains and the advent of consumers concerns on international trade

A new paradigm is modeling the World: evolutionary innovations in all fronts, new information technologies, huge mobility of capital, use of risky financial tools, globalization of production, new emerging powers and the impact of consumer concerns on governmental policies. These phenomena are shaping the World and forcing the advent of a new World Order in the Multilateral Monetary, Financial, and Trading System. The effects of this new paradigm are also transforming global governance. The political and economic orders established after the World War and centered on the multilateral model of UN, IMF, World Bank, and the GATT, leaded by the developed countries, are facing significant challenges. The rise of China and emerging countries shifted the old model to a polycentric World, where the governance of these organizations are threatened by emerging countries demanding a bigger participation in the role and decision boards of these international bodies. As a consequence, multilateralism is being confronted by polycentrism. Negotiations for a more representative voting process and the pressure for new rules to cope with the new demands are paralyzing important decisions. This scenario is affecting seriously not only the Monetary and Financial Systems but also the Multilateral Trading System. International trade is facing some significant challenges: a serious deadlock to conclude the last round of the multilateral negotiation at the WTO, the fragmentation of trade rules by the multiplication of preferential and mega agreements, the arrival of a new model of global production and trade leaded by global value chains that is threatening the old trade order, and the imposition of new sets of regulations by private bodies commanded by transnationals to support global value chains and non-governmental organizations to reflect the concerns of consumers in the North based on their precautionary attitude about sustainability of products made in the World. The lack of any multilateral order in this new regulation is creating a big cacophony of rules and developing a new regulatory war of the Global North against the Global South. The objective of this paper is to explore how these challenges are affecting the Tradinge System and how it can evolve to manage these new trends.

Lula and Brazil: investors twisted logic

Investors were wrong to believe in change for the better; Brazil is stuck for at least two years