The life-cycle effects of social security in a model with housing and endogenous benefits

This article develops a life-cycle general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents who make choices of nondurables consumption, investment in homeowned housing and labour supply. Agents retire from an specific age and receive Social Security benefits which are dependant on average past earnings. The model is calibrated, numerically solved and is able to match stylized U.S. aggregate statistics and to generate average life-cycle profiles of its decision variables consistent with data and literature. We also conduct an exercise of complete elimination of the Social Security system and compare its results with the benchmark economy. The results enable us to emphasize the importance of endogenous labour supply and benefits for agents' consumption-smoothing behaviour.

Monopolies life cycle, bureaucratization, and Schumpeterian growth

This paper analyzes the links between the internaI organization of firms and macroeconomic growth. We present a Schumpeterian growth model in which firms face dynamic agency costs. These agency costs are due to the formation of vertical collusions within the organization. To respond to the opportunity of internaI collusion, firms go through a whole life cycle, getting more bureaucratized and Iess efficient over time. vVeak creative destruction in the economy facilitates informal collusion inside firms and exacerbates bureaucratization. As bureaucratization affects the firms' profitability and the return to innovation, stationary equilibrium growth depends in turn on the efficiency of collusive side-contracts within firms.

Life Cycle Models, Heterogeneity of Initial Assets,and Wealth Inequality

Life cycle general equilibrium models with heterogeneous agents have a very hard time reproducing the American wealth distribution. A common assumption made in this literature is that all young adults enter the economy with no initial assets. In this article, we relax this assumption – not supported by the data - and evaluate the ability of an otherwise standard life cycle model to account for the U.S. wealth inequality. The new feature of the model is that agents enter the economy with assets drawn from an initial distribution of assets, which is estimated using a non-parametric method applied to data from the Survey of Consumer Finances. We found that heterogeneity with respect to initial wealth is key for this class of models to replicate the data. According to our results, American inequality can be explained almost entirely by the fact that some individuals are lucky enough to be born into wealth, while others are born with few or no assets.

Economic growth and complementarity between stages of human capital

We study the impact of the different stages of human capital accumulation on the evolution of labor productivity in a model calibrated to the U.S. from 1961 to 2008. We add early childhood education to a standard continuous time life cycle economy and assume complementarity between educational stages. There are three sectors in the model: the goods sector, the early childhood sector and the formal education sector. Agents are homogenous and choose the intensity of preschool education, how long to stay in formal school, labor effort and consumption, and there are exogenous distortions to these four decisions. The model matches the data very well and closely reproduces the paths of schooling, hours worked, relative prices and GDP. We find that the reduction in distortions to early education in the period was large and made a very strong contribution to human capital accumulation. However, due to general equilibrium effects of labor market taxation, marginal modification in the incentives for early education in 2008 had a smaller impact than those for formal education. This is because the former do not decisively affect the decision to join the labor market, while the latter do. Without labor taxation, incentives for preschool are significantly stronger.

Abordagem para identificação, análise e caracterização dos estágios de desenvolvimento dos clusters: um estudo em regiões metropolitanas

O estudo do fenômeno cluster, nos últimos 30 anos, sob inúmeras qualificações, tem atraído atenção crescente tanto do meio acadêmico quanto dos responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de políticas públicas. No entanto, seu ciclo de desenvolvimento ainda é um aspecto pouco explorado. A necessidade em se investigar e compreender o ciclo de desenvolvimento dos clusters é destacada por vários autores. Do ponto de vista das políticas públicas, a importância em se identificar o ciclo de evolução dos clusters, bem como cada um de seus estágios, reside na assertividade das ações por elas proporcionada. A tese é apresentada na forma de três artigos científicos. O primeiro busca determinar a natureza e as dimensões da noção de cluster pela exploração das bases teórico-conceituais de três áreas de conhecimento em que o conceito é mais comumente empregado: a geografia econômica, a administração estratégica e a administração de operações. Além de outras descobertas, os resultados proporcionam uma classificação dos temas de pesquisa ao redor do conceito, bem como das linhas teórico-conceituais que os sustentam. O segundo lida com a questão de como os clusters são identificados. Partindo de algumas limitações das estatísticas da economia regional, em especial do Quociente Locacional (QL), o autor propõe uma abordagem de aplicação conjunta dessas estatísticas com aquelas apresentadas pela Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE). Os resultados mostram a complementariedade das abordagens, pois parte das limitações da primeira consegue ser resolvida pela segunda, mas, mais importante, conseguem revelar o valor proporcionado pelas estatísticas da AEDE acerca da dinâmica regional. Por fim, o terceiro e último artigo propõe um instrumento de avaliação do ciclo de desenvolvimento dos clusters envolvendo 6 dimensões e 11 elementos de avaliação. A partir dos potenciais clusters identificados no segundo artigo, o instrumento é aplicado sobre três deles. O resultado é a obtenção de uma abordagem simples, conceitualmente coerente, prática e de baixo custo de aplicação.