Public policies impacts on Latin American labor structures, preparing for integration

One of the Main Subjects to Be Discussed, in Order to Adjust Latin American Economies to a Regional Integration Network, as Imposed By Mercosul or Other Economic Common Markets, is Related to the Employment and Other Labor Markets Public Policies. the Question to Be Posed Is: Having in Mind the Characteristics of Different Labor Markets and Labor Forces, What are the Impacts of Governmental Measures Presented in the Diverse Economic Conditions of Those Countries. Having in Mind These Impacts, This Paper Aims to Examine the Requisites to Adjust the Labor Structure Standards of Latin American Countries and What Would Be the Reforms to Be Performed By These Countries in Order to Prepare These Markets and Labor Forces to Adapt to Regional Integration Networks Represented By Mercosul, Alca or Other Common Markets. There are Evaluated the Impacts of the Globalization Process, Economic Stabilization and Reform Policies Undertaken By Some Selected Latin American Countries Since the Eighties on the Labor Structure Standards, Considering the Specific Adjustment Measures to Cope With the Negative Effects of These Policies. Next, Some Cases of Europe Union (Eu) Countries Measures to Prepare to Integration is Examined, in Order to Provide Some Elements to Better Understand the Possibilities to Handle With the Extensive Changes in External Conditions. in Sequence Some Statistical Indicatives of the Impacts of These Measures on the Occupational Structuring are Analyzed For a Group of Selected Latin American and Eu Countries.

Labor legislation and the size of informal sector in Brazil

This paper studies the increase in the rate of informal workers in the Brazilian economy that occurred between 1985 and 1999. We develop an overlapping generations model with incomplete markets in which agents are ex-post heterogeneous. We calibrate it to match some features of the Brazilian economy for 1985. We conduct a policy experiment which reproduces the 1988 constitution reforms that increased the retirement benefits and labor costs in the formal sector. We show that these reforms can explain the increase in informal labor. Then, we conduct a policy experiment and analyze its impact on the Brazilian economy.

Informality in labor market and welfare

The neoclassical growth model with two sectors in production is employed in this paper in order to investigate how a change in the tax structure affects informality and welfare. We calibrate and simulate the model and find that welfare always increases when we reduce the tax rate on the demand for labor and adjust the tax rate on the value added so that the government revenue remains constant.

A search-theoretic explanation for the negative correlation between labor income and impatience

Lawrance (1991) has shown, through the estimation of consumption Euler equations, that subjective rates of impatience (time preference) in the U.S. are three to Öve percentage points higher for households with lower average labor incomes than for those with higher labor income. From a theoretical perspective, the sign of this correlation in a job-search model seems at Örst to be undetermined, since more impatient workers tend to accept wage o§ers that less impatient workers would not, thereby remaining less time unemployed. The main result of this paper is showing that, regardless of the existence of e§ects of opposite sign, and independently of the particular speciÖcations of the givens of the model, less impatient workers always end up, in the long run, with a higher average income. The result is based on the (unique) invariant Markov distribution of wages associated with the dynamic optimization problem solved by the consumers. An example is provided to illustrate the method.

The causal effect of family size on child labor and education

This paper investigates the causal relationship between family size and child labor and education among brazilian children. More especifically, it analyzes the impact of family size on child labor, school attendance, literacy and school progression. It explores the exogenous variation in family size driven by the presence of twins in the family. The results are consistent under the reasonable assumption that the instrument is a random event. Using the nationally representative brazilian household survey (Pnad), detrimental effects are found on child labor for boys. Moreover, significant effects are obtained for school progression for girls caused by the exogenous presence of the young siblings in the household.

Segmentation in the brazilian labor market

This paper measures the degree of segmentation in the brazilian labor market. Controlling for observable and unobservable characteristics, workers earn more in the formal sector, which supports the segmentation hypothesis. We break down the degree of segmentation by socio-economic attributes to identify the groups where this phenomenon is more prevalent. We investigate the robustness of our findings to the inclusion of self-employed individuals, and apply a two-stage panel probit model using the self-selection correction strategy to investigate a potential weakness of the fixed-effects estimator

A agenda da transformação II: a grande imprensa e a hegemonia neoliberal no Brasil (a imprensa e o governo Collor)

Esta pesquisa analisa a difusão da hegemonia neoliberal no Brasil, nos anos 90, através da grande imprensa nacional - os periódicos Jornal do Brasil, O Globo, Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo. Por tratar-se de veículo ideológico, a imprensa possui papel-chave no que tange tanto à formulação quanto à transmissão de uma dada hegemonia. No caso, esta se expressa na redefinição, em escala global, do papel do Estado e do Mercado, no sentido de orientar (e difundir) reformas em direção a este último. Concretamente, temas como privatização, abertura das economias e desproteção à força de trabalho, entre outros, constituem uma nova Agenda, em substituição ao modelo intervencionista (keynesiano e/ou desenvolvimentista) vigente entre os anos 30 e os anos 80.

Reforma do sistema previdenciário brasileiro: a previdência complementar e o papel do Estado

Apesar do indiscutível avanço que os sistemas previdenciários representaram no campo social verifica-se, em todo o mundo, um crescente consenso quanto à necessidade de se repensar sua estrutura. As recentes transformações da estrutura demográfica, do mercado de trabalho e do processo de globalização da economia, nos remetem a uma nova realidade e ao imperativo de buscar novas soluções para assegurar a proteção social. Por outro lado, o Estado, enquanto promotor do desenvolvimento e de redução das desigualdades, se encontra sob severo questionamento, ao passo que a moral individualista e os méritos do mercado gozam de crescente prestígio. Como resultado destas múltiplas pressões, o Brasil, a exemplo de vários outros países, vem experimentando um processo de ajustes e reforma de seu sistema previdenciário, no qual o fortalecimento do elo entre contribuições e beneficios tem-se constituído o principal elemento. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento do regime complementar privado ocupa um espaço cada vez maior na formulação e execução de políticas públicas. Com a aprovação da Emenda Constitucional no. 20 (em dezembro de 1998) foram lançadas as novas diretrizes para o sistema previdenciário brasileiro. O trabalho analisa as iniciativas estatais até o momento realizadas, e sua contribuição para a construção de um arcabouço regulatório para a área, mais adequado às novas demandas sociais, econômicas e políticas