Trajetórias De Acumulação De Capacidades Inovadoras, Mecanismos De Aprendizagem E Fatores Organizacionais Relativos A Atividades Em Gestão De Projetos: Estudo De Caso Comparativo Inter-Empresarial Na Indústria De Bens De Capital E De Celulose E Papel No Brasil

Over the last 40 years there has been a profusion of studies about the ccumulation of technological capacities in firms from developing economies. However, there remain few studies that examine, on a combined basis, the relationship among: the trajectories of technological capacities accumulation; the underlying learning mechanisms; and, the implications of organizational factors for these two variables. Still scarcer are the studies that examine the relationship among these variables along time and based on a comparative case study. This dissertation examines the relationship among the trajectory of accumulation of innovative capacities in complex project management, the learning mechanisms underlying these technological capacities and the intra-organizational factors that influence these learning echanisms. That set of relationships is examined through a comparative and a long-term (1988-2008) case study in a capital goods firm (for the pulp and paper industry) and a pulp mill in Brazil. Based on first-hand quantitative and qualitative empiric evidence, gathered through extensive field research, this dissertation found: 1. Both firms accumulated innovative capacity in project management at the international frontier level (Level 6). However, there was variability between the firms in terms of the nature and speed of accumulation of those capacities. It was also observed that, at this level of innovation, the innovative capacities of both firms are not confined to their organizational boundaries, but they are distributed beyond their boundaries. 2. So that these companies could accumulate those levels of innovative capacities it was necessary to manage several learning mechanisms: leveraging of external knowledge and its internalization in terms of internal apacities of the firm. In other words, as the companies accumulated more innovative levels of capacities for project management, it was necessary to manage different cycles of technological learning. 3. Further, the relationship between the ccumulation of technological capacities and learning was affected positively by intra-organizational factors, such as 'authority disposition', 'mutability of work roles' and 'intensity of internal crises', and negatively by the factor 'singularity of goals'. This dissertation revealed divergent results between firms in two of the four factors studied. These results contribute to advance our understanding of the complexity and variability involved in the process of accumulation of innovative capacities in firms from developing economies. This highlights the growing importance of the organizational and the human resource dimensions of innovation and technological capacity as the company approaches the international frontier. The results suggest to managers that: (i) the good performance in project management in the two firms studied did not occur simply as a result of the pulp and paper Brazilian industry growth, rather as a result of the deliberate construction and accumulation of the capacities through an intensive and coordinated cyclical process of technological learning, (ii) to develop innovative capabilities in project management, besides looking for learning mechanisms they should also look at the organizational factors that influence the learning mechanisms directly, (iii) performance of pulp mill¿s projects is better when projects are implemented together with technology suppliers than when performed only by the mill. This dissertation concludes that capital goods firms have been having a fundamental role for the innovative capabilities accumulation in project management of pulp mills in Brazil (and vice-versa) for a long time. This contradicts some authors' propositions that affirm that: a) equipment suppliers for the pulp and paper industry have been creating little, if any, development of processes or engineering projects in Brazil; b) firms in the pulp and paper industry have little capacity for machinery and equipments projects only taking place in few technological activities, being internal or external to the firm. Finally, some studies are proposed for future research.

Subsídios para a gestão dos planos de aplicação de vinhaça (PAV): um estudo de caso da região de Piracicaba

Concomitantemente à produção de etanol, a partir da fermentação de diferentes matérias-primas (cana-de-açúcar, beterraba, milho, trigo, batata, mandioca), produz-se a vinhaça. A vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar é gerada na proporção média de 12 litros para cada litro de etanol. O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar (570 milhões de toneladas, em 2009) com a produção de 27 bilhões de litros/ano de etanol, no ciclo 2009/2010, basicamente para fins carburantes, e, portanto, a quantidade de vinhaça produzida é da ordem de 320 bilhões de litros/ano. Dentre as possíveis soluções para a destinação da vinhaça, tais como: concentração, tratamento químico e biológico ou produção de biomassa, é sua aplicação no solo a forma mais usual de disposição. No entanto, sua aplicação no solo não pode ser excessiva nem indiscriminada, sob pena de comprometer o ambiente e a rentabilidade agrícola e industrial da unidade sucroalcooleira. A necessidade de medidas de controle sobre a aplicação de vinhaça no solo do Estado de São Paulo, que concentra a produção de 60% do etanol produzido no Brasil, levou à elaboração da Norma Técnica P4.231, em 2005. A constatação do cumprimento dos itens desta Norma é uma das ações do agente fiscalizador, no monitoramento da geração e destinação da vinhaça pelos empreendimentos produtores de etanol. Os itens 5.7.1 e 5.7.2, desta Norma, tornam obrigatório o encaminhamento à CETESB (Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo), para fins de acompanhamento e fiscalização, até o dia 02 de abril de cada ano, o PAV (Plano de Aplicação de Vinhaça). Com o intuito de proporcionar melhor entendimento da Norma P4.231, contribuir para otimização de sua aplicabilidade e melhoria e perceber a realidade prática da aplicação da vinhaça, foram analisados PAVs protocolados na Agência Ambiental de Piracicaba, licenças concedidas, processos de licenciamento e realizadas vistorias a campo. Conclui-se que a Norma P4.231 representa um avanço no gerenciamento do uso da vinhaça no Estado de São Paulo, por disciplinar a disposição de vinhaça no solo, tornando obrigatórios: demarcações de áreas protegidas e núcleos populacionais, caracterização de solo e da vinhaça, doses máximas a serem aplicadas, estudos da geologia e hidrogeologia locais, monitoramento das águas subterrâneas, impermeabilização de tanques e dutos. Estabelece critérios a serem obedecidos por lei, e todos são condutas de boas práticas de proteção ao meio, que repercutem em maior rentabilidade agrícola e industrial. A Norma P4.231 é bem elaborada, complexa e extensa, o que a torna de difícil execução. Para facilitar sua aplicabilidade, sugere-se o estabelecimento de um cronograma de prioridades: impermeabilização dos tanques e dutos, drenos testemunha com funcionamento otimizado e boa caracterização do que está sendo aplicado, se vinhaça pura ou se misturada a águas residuárias. Das oito empresas deste estudo, apenas quatro (as maiores) vêm protocolando os PAVs com regularidade, desde 2005. As informações apresentadas foram incompletas e, em alguns casos, precárias. Mesmo com lacunas, os dados fornecidos, desde o início da obrigatoriedade do PAV, foram de utilidade para esboçar o perfil da atividade sucroalcooleira na região estudada.

Estabilidade emocional, atribuição de causalidade e dissonância cognitiva

Neste estudo foram consideradas as teorias da atribuição de causalidade e da dissonância cognitiva, tendo como referência a necessidade psíquica de auto-consistência. O exame dos principais aspectos teóricos e empíricos destas duas teorias permitiu a conclusão de que as mesmas podem ser consideradas como mutuamente compatíveis e complementares. Foi realizado um experimento no qual os sujeitos, previamente diferenciados em instáveis e estáveis emocionalmente, foram submetidos a uma condição experimental fortemente dissonante, em relação ao auto-conceito (resolução de sete itens de um teste de inteligência, sendo cinco dos mesmos insolúveis). Foi realizada uma tarefa introdutória, da mesma natureza que a experimental, porém com itens solúveis, de mediana dificuldade. Foram medidos o número de acertos esperados e estimados (antes e após cada tarefa) além de se oferecer, a cada sujeito, a escolha, em uma listagem atribuicional, do motivo que, segundo ele, concorreu para o resultado por ele estimado, após a tarefa experimental. Os resultados indicaram que não houve diferença significativa entre as médias dos resultados estimados, dos dois grupos, após a tarefa experimental. As atribuições de causalidade dos dois grupos foram significativamente distintas, inclinando-se os estáveis para a internaIidade e os instáveis para a externalidade. Foram constatados, entretanto, diferenças bastante significativas entre as médias dos resultados esperados, antes das tarefas introdutória e experimental (média dos instáveis menor que a dos estáveis). Estes resultados foram interpretados como indicando uma intensa e precoce vivência dissonante, ao nível das expectativas dos resultados, por parte dos instáveis. A redução da dissonância ocorreu, preponderantemente, através da subestimação do número de acertos esperados nas duas tarefas propostas. A conclusão mais abrangente, deste estudo, colocou em relevo a grande importância das significações pessoais sobre os estímulos percebidos para a eliciação de respostas. Foram sugeridos novos estudos para melhor compreensão do assunto.

Modelos organizacionais e normatividade institucional: estudo de caso da SABESP S.A.

The present paper aspires to join two different debates: (i) what is the State’s best organizational model to promote distinctive public services; and (ii) what role Law should perform in the promotion of a nation’s economic and social development. More specifically, this study examines whether the institutions created by the Brazilian normative system are able to balance the antagonist interests of the State and minority shareholders in a Government-Controlled Corporation. In this pursuit, this paper analyzes the changes that occurred in SABESP S.A. during the period between the years of 2000 – 2010, of major transformations in the Brazilian Water and Sewage sector. At that time, the company was introduced to the Novo Mercado of BM&FBovespa, was forced to execute agreements with conceding authorities and started to be monitored by ARSESP, an independent regulatory agency. Initial findings suggest that these institutions were able to create incentives for the company to strive for a more efficient performance, often succeeding in aligning the contrasting interests of the State and minority shareholders. Final conclusions are that: (i) Government-Controlled Corporations can be powerful public policy promotion instruments in sectors that are complex and capital intensive; and (ii) Law can and should perform a much more active role in sponsoring economic and social development than merely acting to diminish transaction costs to allow for the adequate functioning of markets.

A technological innovation for capsicums production in Peru: the mechatronics arms

Peru agricultural exports have increased in recent years due to (i) free trade agreements with many countries (United States, Canada, European Union, China, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Chile, among others), (ii) an increasing international demand for healthy products, (iii) country´s economic development and (iv) more private investments in this sector (Velazco 2012). Also, if we can compare among Peru three main regions (Coast, Andean highlands and the Jungle), It is the Coast (western region) that has a developed agricultural production due to unique weather conditions, private investments, public infrastructure, transport costs and quality of land (Gomez, 2008). This country development is also related to the production of non-traditional products for export like asparagus, artichokes, capsicums, bananas, grapes, among others; produced by agro industrial companies and small farmers and that are mainly labor intensive (Gomez, 2008 and Velazco, 2012). This very successful export diversification and self-discovery process was the result of a combination of strong natural comparative advantages (mainly excellent agro climatic conditions) and a significant innovation effort. It meant the introduction and expansion of new products and markets, the entry of new firms, and experimental research and the adoption of new techniques and process technologies developed abroad (in irrigation, crop management, post-harvesting, sanitary control, storage and packing) to produce high-quality, niche (gourmet) and higher value-added products, in line with consumer trends in sophisticated food markets. In products such as asparagus, mango, organic coffee and capsicums, Peru has become a leading world exporter (OECD). For this reason one of the government main tasks for the next years is to meet urgent agriculture producer’s needs in the areas of technological Innovation and business management (MINAG). In this context, this thesis analyzes the applicability of a new technology – the mechatronic arms – specifically to capsicums production sector in Peru. We chose Capsicums production sector (paprika, chilli pepper) because is mainly labor intensive and is the sector where my family company (DIROSE SAC) operates. This innovation consists in a 40 arms mechatronic combine, and it was first created in order to improve the efficiency on the labor intensive phase of harvest for this kind of agriculture products. It is estimated that a laborer with brief training operating the machine would be equivalent to 40 people that not only would work during daytime, but also on the night shift as well. Also, using this new technology can allow a company to make additional crops that would increase their yields and annual revenues. This thesis was developed as a business plan to make this new product available for other agriculture companies that operates in the capsicums production sector in Peru; however, this new technology has the potential to be modified in order to be available to other kind of agriculture products, in Peru and other countries.

On the effects of non-tariff measures on Brazilian exports

This article proposes an alternative methodology for estimating the effects of non-tariff measures on trade flows, based on the recent literature on gravity models. A two-stage Heckman selection model is applied to the case of Brazilian exports, where the second stage gravity equation is theoretically grounded on the seminal Melitz model of heterogeneous firms. This extended gravity equation highlights the role played by zero trade flows as well as firm heterogeneity in explaining bilateral trade among countries, two factors usually omitted in traditional gravity specifications found in previous literature. Last, it also proposes a economic rationale for the effects of NTM on trade flows, helping to shed some light on its main operating channels under a rather simple Cournot’s duopolistic competition framework.

On the effects of non tariff measures on Brazilian exports

This article proposes an alternative methodology for estimating the effects of non-tariff measures on trade flows, based on the recent literature on gravity models. A two-stage Heckman selection model is applied to the case of Brazilian exports, where the second stage gravity equation is theoretically grounded on the seminal Melitz model of heterogeneous firms. This extended gravity equation highlights the role played by zero trade flows as well as firm heterogeneity in explaining bilateral trade among countries, two factors usually omitted in traditional gravity specifications found in previous literature. Last, it also proposes a economic rationale for the effects of NTM on trade flows, helping to shed some light on its main operating channels under a rather simple Cournot’s duopolistic competition framework