Globaliza����o de capacidades tecnol��gicas inovadoras e o papel de subsidi��rias de empresas transnacionais (ETNs) no contexto de pa��ses em desenvolvimento: a trajet��ria de uma empresa do setor de TIC no Brasil

This dissertation seeks to add new evidence to the international debate on globalization of innovation in the developing countries context. Globalization of innovation, in this dissertation, is defined and measured by the types, levels and rate of innovative technological capability accumulation and the underlying technological learning processes (sources of capabilities) at the firm level in late-industrializing countries �� or developing countries. This relationship is examined within a large transnational corporation (TNC) subsidiary of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in Brasil: Motorola do Brasil during over the period from 1996 to 2006. In the international literature there is a strong debate on the extent to which innovative technological capabilities have been spreading internationally. But, the most of the studies are focused on early industrialized countries. In other words, there is still a scarcity of analysis, mainly at the firm level, from the perspective of developing countries. This dissertation supports itself in analytical basis developed in the international literature on accumulation of technological capabilities and learning in the context of developing countries. The learning processes examined in this dissertation are: (i) intra-firm learning processes; (ii) inter-firm learning processes (links between mother and sister companies); and (iii) links between the firm and other organizations of the innovation system (universities, research institutes, among others). Based on first-hand empirical evidence, qualitative and quantitative, collected on the basis of extensive fieldwork, this dissertation examines these issues with adequate level of detail and depth, in this large company in Brazil. The study results suggest that: Concerning the path of the technological capability accumulation, the firm exhibited heterogeneity in the path of accumulation of technological capabilities to distinct functions. For the functions Software Engineering and Process and Management Project the firm reached the Level 6 (Innovative Intermediate Superior), on a scale that ranges from 1 to 7; In relation to technological capability sources, the firm deliberately sought and built sources of knowledge in order to develop and sustain its innovative technological capabilities. The dissertation, thus, contributes to adding new empirical evidence to the debate on globalization of innovative capabilities from a late-industrializing perspective.

Globaliza����o de capacidades tecnol��gicas inovadoras e o papel de subsidi��rias de empresas transnacionais( ETNs) No contexto de pa��ses em desenvolvimento: a trajet��ria de uma empresa do setor de TIC no Brasil

This dissertation seeks to add new evidence to the international debate on globalization of innovation in the developing countries context. Globalization of innovation, in this dissertation, is defined and measured by the types, levels and rate of innovative technological capability accumulation and the underlying technological learning processes (sources of capabilities) at the firm level in late-industrializing countries �� or developing countries. This relationship is examined within a large transnational corporation (TNC) subsidiary of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in Brasil: Motorola do Brasil during over the period from 1996 to 2006. In the international literature there is a strong debate on the extent to which innovative technological capabilities have been spreading internationally. But, the most of the studies are focused on early industrialized countries. In other words, there is still a scarcity of analysis, mainly at the firm level, from the perspective of developing countries. This dissertation supports itself in analytical basis developed in the international literature on accumulation of technological capabilities and learning in the context of developing countries. The learning processes examined in this dissertation are: (i) intra-firm learning processes; (ii) inter-firm learning processes (links between mother and sister companies); and (iii) links between the firm and other organizations of the innovation system (universities, research institutes, among others). Based on first-hand empirical evidence, qualitative and quantitative, collected on the basis of extensive fieldwork, this dissertation examines these issues with adequate level of detail and depth, in this large company in Brazil. The study results suggest that: Concerning the path of the technological capability accumulation, the firm exhibited heterogeneity in the path of accumulation of technological capabilities to distinct functions. For the functions Software Engineering and Process and Management Project the firm reached the Level 6 (Innovative Intermediate Superior), on a scale that ranges from 1 to 7; In relation to technological capability sources, the firm deliberately sought and built sources of knowledge in order to develop and sustain its innovative technological capabilities. The dissertation, thus, contributes to adding new empirical evidence to the debate on globalization of innovative capabilities from a late-industrializing perspective.

Gest��o de defesa: o sistema de inova����o no segmento de n��o-guerra

Com o fim da Guerra Fria e os acontecimentos que marcaram o ���onze de setembro���, novas amea��as surgiram, impactando negativamente a percep����o de seguran��a coletiva, e impondo profundas modifica����es nas estruturas e no modo de atua����o do Poder Militar de diversas na����es. A marginalidade social, o narcotr��fico, o crime organizado, a degrada����o do meio ambiente e outras tantas amea��as, fizeram com que algumas na����es se vissem motivadas a empregar suas For��as Armadas, prioritariamente, no combate a estas mazelas, ou seja, nas opera����es de n��o-guerra. Este fen��meno vem causando uma ebuli����o nas ci��ncias militares, com reflexo no campo social, pol��tico e econ��mico, provocando um processo conhecido como ���Transforma����o da Defesa���, que s�� �� vi��vel com a ruptura de alguns modelos tradicionais de administra����o e com a introdu����o de uma nova cultura organizacional que promova um ambi-ente adequado ao processo de inova����es no setor de Defesa. Para fazer gest��o deste processo, deve haver um sistema de inova����o setorial de Defesa, j�� que o atual modelo, conforme apon-tou a investiga����o, �� fragmentado e desarticulado, que produz, fundamentalmente, inova����es incrementais e, raramente as de ruptura. Trata-se de um sistema virtual, que n��o existe for-malmente como tal, mas que possui toda a infraestrutura necess��ria para funcionar como um sistema formal e gerenci��vel. A pesquisa, de car��ter epistemol��gico estruturalista, teve por objetivo desenvolver um modelo conceitual para gest��o do sistema de inova����o do setor de Defesa (segmento de n��o-guerra), com base em uma estrutura subjacente desvelada, que, de forma oculta, d�� suporte ao sistema atual. O desvelamento desta estrutura permitiu concluir que, no campo estudado, os agentes do sistema de inova����o, agindo de acordo com seus inte-resses, mobilizam, de forma consciente ou inconsciente, os fatores valorativos da inova����o presentes na cultura organizacional em que est��o imersos, os quais, juntamente com a influ��n-cia dos fatores de suporte (o Capital), s��o fundamentais para a forma����o de alian��as e, em consequ��ncia, para o processo de inova����o no segmento de n��o-guerra do setor de Defesa. Como era esperado, o desvelamento da estrutura subjacente propiciou a realiza����o de um di-agn��stico preciso do sistema estudado, permitindo ao pesquisador o lan��amento de um olhar cr��tico sobre o mesmo, o que contribui para a proposi����o de uma interven����o segura no modelo vigente. O modelo proposto buscou incentivar, tamb��m, a cria����o, o avan��o e a difus��o das inova����es n��o-tecnol��gicas, contrapondo-se ao atual, que privilegia fundamentalmente a abordagem tecnol��gica. Adicionalmente, foram sugeridas algumas medidas, no sentido de incrementar as intera����es entre os principais agentes do sistema.

Open innovation and the challenges of human resource management

This paper considers challenges of Human Resource Management (HRM) in Open Innovation processes. It examines which strategies managers used to overcome these problems in the case of the Brazilian Oil and Gas company Petrobras. By conducting an inductive case study it develops a contextual model based on the use of grounded theory. It argues that the most important categories were to overcome problems of (a) the interpersonal relationship, (b) power shifting inside the organization, and (c) making people more valuable to the organization and shows how managers tackled these challenges. It contributes with a deep analysis of HRM challenges in Open Innovation that is important for a better understanding of management problems that can come along with Open Innovation processes.

Formula����o de uma politica de desenvolvimento regional integrado: um estudo de caso do corredor centroleste

Esta disserta����o busca definir qual o prop��sito que Uniu alguns estados brasileiros em torno da Pol��tica de Desenvolvimento do Corredor de Transportes Centroleste. Para tanto, busca definir e identificar quais os atores envolvidos, os respectivos interesses SOCIaIS, pol��ticos e econ��micos e o ambiente hist��rico e pol��tico prevalecente. o caso do Corredor Centroleste �� o pano de fundo de uma pol��tica de Desenvolvimento Regional Integrado, fornecendo bases para an��lise da formula����o de pol��ticas p��blicas, preocupando-se em configurar sua exist��ncia, ��xito e continuidade. Por fim, o desenho da matriz de rela����es interorganizacionais, enseja uma demonstra����o dos tipos de relacionamentos verificados no estudo de caso, afirmando-a como instrumento de an��lise na formula����o de pol��ticas p��blicas.

Justi��a restaurativa: uma poss��vel alternativa a pena de pris��o e sua utiliza����o pelo poder judici��rio

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade estudar a Justi��a Restaurativa como uma alternativa a pena de pris��o e sua utiliza����o pelo Poder Judici��rio. O trabalho foi realizado pelo modelo plan franc��s, desenvolvido em duas partes, uma parte te��rica e uma pr��tica; cada uma das partes foi dividida em dois cap��tulos. Na parte te��rica, no primeiro cap��tulo foi estudada a justi��a restaurativa, seus conceitos e peculiaridades, al��m de sua contextualiza����o no universo jur��dico. No segundo cap��tulo foram estudados os institutos da media����o e da concilia����o, bem como �� aproxima����o dos referidos institutos da justi��a restaurativa. Na segunda parte, a pr��tica; primeiramente abordamos o Projeto de Lei n�� 7006/2006, que visa introduzir a Justi��a Restaurativa em nosso sistema penal de forma institucionalizada e a Resolu����o n�� 125 do Conselho Nacional de Justi��a (CNJ). No segundo cap��tulo analisamos os programas de justi��a restaurativa existentes no Brasil, a cria����o dos N��cleos de Media����o pelo Tribunal de Justi��a do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; mapeamos a justi��a restaurativa no Estado do Rio de Janeiro e n��o identificamos nenhum projeto em andamento. E por fim analisamos os ind��cios da Justi��a Restaurativa existentes no Juizado Especial Criminal (JECRIM) da Barra da Tijuca, onde esse tipo de procedimento n��o existe de forma estruturada. N��o existe um programa que d�� aporte a pr��tica, sendo utilizada, quando poss��vel, como mais um instrumento para resolu����o dos conflitos, por meio da media����o penal.

A arquitetura jur��dico-institucional de um ambiente de inova����o brasileiro: o Parque Tecnol��gico de S��o Jos�� dos Campos.

O presente trabalho objetiva investigar a arquitetura jur��dico-institucional de um ambiente inovativo denominado parque tecnol��gico. Este �� um arranjo imobili��rio que conta com os elementos da chamada tr��plice h��lice - academia, setor privado e Estado. Almeja a transforma����o do conhecimento em desenvolvimento, por meio de atividades fundadas em ci��ncia, tecnologia e inova����o (C&T&I). A pretens��o �� contribuir com a premissa de que esses arranjos s��o frutos da nova l��gica econ��mica baseada no conhecimento e da atual concep����o sist��mica de inova����o que exige interdepend��ncia e intera����o dos seus agentes. Dentre esses destacamos, o Estado, por ser o ator mais paciente por resultados e o potencial idealizador, fomentador e articulador de processos inovativos sistemicamente pensados. A estrat��gia Estudo de Caso ��nico foi eleita para observar, em detalhes, a arquitetura jur��dico-institucional do Parque Tecnol��gico de S��o Jos�� dos Campos, bem como para, a partir de um olhar jur��dico-institucional, retirar aprendizados dessa experi��ncia que possam ser aproveitados em novas modelagens de parques tecnol��gicos e de pol��ticas p��blicas que focam a estrutura����o de ambientes inovativos sist��micos. Foram priorizados exames qualitativos: (i) da sua fisiologia jur��dico-institucional; (ii) dos agentes envolvidos e das respectivas amarra����es jur��dicas estabelecidas; (iii) da influ��ncia do Estado e das pol��ticas p��blicas que o permeiam; (iv) do seu processo de implanta����o e desenvolvimento; e (v) dos desafios jur��dico-formais e jur��dico-institucionais que enfrenta. Compreendeu-se que parques tecnol��gicos s��o estruturados como arranjos h��bridos, segundo a l��gica da inova����o em sistema, em que os elementos da tr��plice h��lice atuam em sinergia a partir da ativa atua����o do Estado. Sua arquitetura jur��dico-institucional decorre da aplica����o de tecnologias de contrata����o e de regula����o aplicadas em ambientes alicer��ados em fatores institucionais espec��ficos.

Capitalismo de estado e inova����o: facetas da rela����o entre estado e iniciativa privada no desenvolvimento nacional

While countries managed to rapidly rise and recover economically, Brazilian social indicators have advanced at short pace in the last decades. Although millions of Brazilians have recently left poverty, Brazil still has a long way to go regarding its socioeconomic development. Circa one fifth of the population is still considered functionally illiterate, basic education has one of the poorest performances in the world, the country has no top-level universities nor produces technology or patents at relevant levels. This paper, at first, analyses how the interaction between government and private agents influenced Brazil���s industrial and economic development, identifying the existence of bonds based on the exchange of private interests that at great extension kept public policies from reaching goals of national interest ��� the so called crony capitalism. Secondly, the paper verifies how development policies based on the promotion of innovative companies and segments of the industry may positively impact broad socioeconomic development. The paper delves specifically into the cooperation between universities and industry as a development tool. Enterprises and universities, guided by their endogenous interests, may be combined for the structuring of a national innovation system. While universities are fundamentally interested in promoting knowledge accumulation, enterprises are willing to invest financial capital in universities in exchange for the economic exploitation of products developed within the academic environment and direct access to its human capital. Lastly, the paper identifies the legal and cultural barriers and advances of this mechanism in Brazil. It verifies that, notwithstanding the institutional advance promoted by the Law of Innovation to the university-enterprise cooperation in Brazil, the law wasn���t entirely capable of eliminating the legal uncertainty of this relationship and capturing in an efficient way the interests of the agents involved. Recently, federal law n. 12.863/2013 officially offered universities the option of bypassing problems related to public law by regulating support foundations, which conceives greater certainty and simplicity to the cooperation. There are, however, remaining uncertainties regarding the norms to be edited by the executive power, as well as conflicts of interest linked to the property rights over patents resulting from this kind of cooperation. The paper verifies, moreover, the existence of ideological resistance to this tool within universities, in such a way that it is unlikely that those relationships develop in a systematic way throughout the country without further engagement from the government and its executive and legislative bodies.

Human resource policies in public education: empirical evidences for Brazil

Esta tese traz tr��s exerc��cios emp��ricos sobre quest��es de recursos humanos em escolas p��blicas brasileiras, aproveitando-se de uma ampla pol��tica implantada na rede estadual de S��o Paulo. Esta pol��tica aumenta os sal��rios para os professores que trabalham em escolas urbanas pobres e sua regra de aloca����o, baseada em um corte arbitr��rio em um ��ndice socioecon��mico, permite a identifica����o de impactos causais. Em resumo, os tr��s artigos apontam que pol��ticas de subs��dios s��o capazes de, de fato, manter professores nas escolas mais pobres e este efeito, por sua vez, melhora o desempenho acad��mico dos alunos. Al��m disso, conclu��mos tamb��m que esta pol��tica tamb��m reduz o absente��smo dos professores. No entanto, como consequ��ncia do desenho dessa pol��tica, n��o h�� evid��ncias de que o subs��dio melhora o perfil dos professores alocados nessas escolas. O primeiro artigo avalia os impactos dessa pol��tica sobre a rotatividade dos professores. Conclu��mos que a compensa����o salarial reduziu a taxa de rotatividade em 7,2 pontos percentuais, o que significa uma queda de 15% sobre a m��dia pr��-tratamento. Em um modelo em forma reduzida, encontramos tamb��m evid��ncias de que esta pol��tica pode impactar positivamente o desempenho dos alunos. O segundo artigo analisa os impactos sobre a aprendizagem dos alunos, com foco em tr��s poss��veis mecanismos: i) a rotatividade; ii) a qualidade dos professores; iii) o aumento do sal��rio. As estimativas mostram que o ��nico canal atrav��s do qual esta pol��tica compensat��ria afeta o desempenho dos alunos �� a redu����o da rotatividade dos professores. Ao reduzir taxa de volume de neg��cios em um desvio-padr��o, a pol��tica reduziu a propor����o de alunos de baixo desempenho em cerca de meio desvio-padr��o. O terceiro artigo avalia como a diferencia����o salarial criada por esta pol��tica afeta absente��smo dos professores. Os resultados mostram que, ap��s controlar efeitos fixos de professores e escolas, pagar um sal��rio mais elevado (em m��dia 26% a mais) provoca uma queda de 8-22% nas faltas dos professores. Aus��ncias que n��o levam a desconto de sal��rio, como por licen��as m��dicas, n��o respondem �� diferencia����o salarial e o impacto �� maior para os professores que recebem maior incentivo.

Access to knoledge in Brazil: new research on intellectual property, innovation and development

The present volume is the fruit of a research initiative on Access to Knowledge begun in 2004 by Yochai Benkler, Eddan Katz, and myself. Access to Knowledge is both a social movement and an approach to international and domestic policy. In the present era of globalization, intellectual property and information and communications technology are major determinants of wealth and power. The principle of access to knowledge argues that we best serve both human rights and economic development through policies that make knowledge, knowledge-creating tools, and nowledgeembedded goods as widely available as possible for decentralized innovation and use. Open technological standards, a balanced approach to intellectual property rights, and expansion of an open telecommunications infrastructure enable ordinary people around the world to benefit from the technological advances of the information age and allow them to generate a vibrant, participatory and democratic culture. Law plays a crucial role in securing access to knowledge, determining whether knowledge and knowledge goods are shared widely for the benefit of all, or controlled and monopolized for the benefit of a few.

Financial regulation and international criminal policy: the anti-money laundering system in Brazil and Argentina

The objective of this paper is to present and compare the process and the results of the implementation of the anti-money laundering system in Brazil and Argentina. Considering that the internal transformations cannot be discussed without a clear understanding of the international apparatus, attention will be given to the description of the ���international policy��� designed and conducted by FATF. Therefore, its incorporation into two different national realities, the Brazilian and the Argentinean ones, will shed light not only on the transnational transformations both States underwent but also on the anti-money laundering regime itself. The paper is divided into five parts. The first one presents a brief introduction on the emergence and development of the relationship between financial regulation and criminal policy. The two following sections are designed to present an overview of the anti money laundering system in Brazil and Argentina and of the role of FATF in their implementation process. The fourth section presents two Brazilian examples of situations in which full advantage of the FATF regime was taken: the National Strategy to Combat Corruption and Money Laundering and the BacenJud, a communication channel between the financial system and the judicial power. To conclude, final comments will be presented in connection with the central questions of the project this paper is part of .

Public debt and the limits of fiscal policy to increase economic growth

Research that seeks to estimate the effects of fiscal policies on economic growth has ignored the role of public debt in this relationship. This study proposes a theoretical model of endogenous growth, which demonstrates that the level of the public debt-to-gross domestic product (GDP) ratio should negatively impact the effect of fiscal policy on growth. This occurs because government indebtedness extracts part of the savings of the young to pay interest on the debts of the older generation, who are no longer saving. Therefore, the payment of debt interest assumes an allocation exchange role between generations that is similar to a pay-as-you-go pension system, which results in changes in the savings rate of the economy. The major conclusions of the theoretical model were tested using an econometric model to provide evidence for the validity of this conclusion. Our empirical analysis controls for timeinvariant, country-specific heterogeneity in the growth rates. We also address endogeneity issues and allow for heterogeneity across countries in the model parameters and for cross-sectional dependence.

Tayloring Brazil: a system dynamics model for monetary policy feedback

The thesis introduces a system dynamics Taylor rule model of new Keynesian nature for monetary policy feedback in Brazil. The nonlinear Taylor rule for interest rate changes con-siders gaps and dynamics of GDP growth and inflation. The model closely tracks the 2004 to 2011 business cycle and outlines the endogenous feedback between the real interest rate, GDP growth and inflation. The model identifies a high degree of endogenous feedback for monetary policy and inflation, while GDP growth remains highly exposed to exogenous eco-nomic conditions. The results also show that the majority of the monetary policy moves during the sample period was related to GDP growth, despite higher coefficients of inflation parameters in the Taylor rule. This observation challenges the intuition that inflation target-ing leads to a dominance of monetary policy moves with respect to inflation. Furthermore, the results suggest that backward looking price-setting with respect to GDP growth has been the dominant driver of inflation. Moreover, simulation exercises highlight the effects of the new BCB strategy initiated in August 2011 and also consider recession and inflation avoid-ance versions of the Taylor rule. In methodological terms, the Taylor rule model highlights the advantages of system dynamics with respect to nonlinear policies and to the stock-and-flow approach. In total, the strong historical fit and some counterintuitive observations of the Taylor rule model call for an application of the model to other economies.

Lean management and innovation in operational efficiency: the EGR project implemented by Pirelli Tyre Brazil in Santo Andr�� plant

O trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar e descrever analiticamente a implementa����o de pr��ticas de manufatura enxuta pela Pirelli Pneus no seu complexo industrial da Am��rica Latina. Al��m de uma descri����o estruturada e ampla dos princ��pios de produ����o de Toyota e fundamentos te��ricos do Lean thinking, uma ��nfase especial ser�� dedicada ao projeto EGR (Especialistas em Gest��o da Rotina), como uma ferramenta estrat��gica para ser usada pela empresa multinacional italiana no futuro pr��ximo, de modo a alcan��ar um resultado mais eficaz e eficiente na gest��o da rotina di��ria. Este projeto, que representa um componente significativo do Pirelli Manufacturing System (PMS) e, principalmente, voltado para supervisores e gestores de plantas, consiste principalmente em ajudar a empresa a desenvolver a capacidade empresarial para avaliar corretamente o gap potencial existente entre os resultados atuais e os esperados, para tanto entender os desvios, bem como as causas subjacentes, e melhorar continuamente o desempenho da empresa por meio da padroniza����o de processos e redu����o de desperdicios. Esses objetivos podem ser perseguidos, atuando em dois meios essenciais: habilidades t��cnicas e comportamentais de lideran��a para apoiar cada equipe de projeto; uma maior efic��cia na gest��o de indicadores de desempenho nas diferentes unidades de f��brica, de acordo com KPIs estabelecidos no n��vel central pelo Head Quarter. Al��m disso, a investiga����o ser�� focada na experi��ncia peculiar da planta de Santo Andr��, onde o EGR come��ou como piloto, com o objetivo de captar as altera����es relevantes (no lado organizacional e econ��mico) que este projeto trouxe para a empresa, atrav��s da realiza����o de pesquisa de campo e entrevistas, que s��o orientados a recolher provas, considera����es e opini��es de todos os principais atores envolvidos.

Courts as healthcare policy-makers: the problem, the responses to the problem and problems in the responses

This article starts by analysing healthcare litigation in Brazil by means of a literature review of articles that contribute with empirical findings on this phenomenon. Based on this review, I argue that health care litigation in Brazil makes the public health system less fair and rational. In the second part of this article, I discuss the three most overarching responses to control the level of litigation and its impact on the public health system: (i) the public hearing held by the Supreme Federal Court and the criteria the court established thereafter; (ii) the recommendations by the National Council of Justice aimed at building courts��� institutional capacity; and (iii) the enactment of the Federal Law 12.401/11, which created a new health technology assessment system. I argue that latter is the best response because it keeps the substantive decisions on the allocation of healthcare resources in the institution that is in the best position to make them. Moreover, this legislation will make the decisions about provision of health treatments more explicit, making easier for courts to control the procedure and the reasons for these decisions.