5th BRICS Trade and Economic Research Network (TERN) meeting: the impact of mega agreements on BRICS

The BRICS TERN – BRICS Trade and Economics Research Network is a group of independent research institutes established four years ago by five think tanks from Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The main objective of the network is to study different aspects of trade and economic relations amongst these five countries. The purpose of the V BRICS TERN Meeting was to analyze and debate the effects of the negotiations of the Mega Agreements, mainly those initiated by the US and the EU, already in negotiation, to each of the BRICS Trade Policies. Both Mega Agreements were examined – the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). The studies included the main impacts on trade flows and on the international trade rules system, respecting the perspective of each of the countries concerned. This workshop was an initiative of the Center for Global Trade and Investments (CGTI), a think-tank on International Trade held by FGV Sao Paulo School of Economics. Its main objective is the research on trade regulation, preferential trade agreements, trade and currency, trade and global value chains, through legal analysis and economic modelling. One of its main researches, now, is on the potential economic and legal impacts of the Mega Agreements on Brazil and WTO rules. This meeting was organized in March14, 2014, in Rio de Janeiro, in a perfect timing for introducing such issues in the international agenda, in advance of the 6th BRICS Summit scheduled to be held in Brazil in July 2014.

Nuances da dominação do conhecimento em gestão: caso de programa de mestrado internacional no Brasil

O propósito deste trabalho foi compreender como a prática de um programa internacional de educação em gestão desvela a dominação do conhecimento ao se internacionalizar para países emergentes. O cenário utilizado leva em consideração as alterações ocorridas no contexto internacional contemporâneo, principalmente em termos da inserção de países emergentes tais como Índia, China e Brasil entre os parceiros acadêmicos dos programas de educação em gestão. Mais especificamente, a contribuição do artigo decorre da abordagem crítica focada em educação em gestão que reconhece o papel dos países periféricos tanto na produção quanto no consumo do conhecimento. A problematização do tema, de caráter qualitativo, está baseada na descrição e análise do caso IMPM (International Masters in Practice Management), com recentes parcerias acadêmicas na China e no Brasil. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os programas internacionais de educação em gestão estão interessados em realizar atividades em países emergentes, mas estas parceiras nem sempre resultam em um papel legítimo que desloque os parceiros de suas posições periféricas para o centro da produção de conhecimento em gestão. Por fim, levantamos o questionamento de que os programas internacionais de educação em gestão, mesmo que presentes nestes países pela realização de módulos locais e pela participação de indivíduos de diversas origens, continuam funcionando como instrumentos de disseminação do conhecimento em gestão universal.

A influência do estoque mundial de açúcar sobre o preço internacional dessa commodit

ABSTRACT Global Sugar market has changed considerably since 1970; the dramatic fluctuations in sugar prices have affected the sugar market worldwide. Therefore, new countries such as Brazil, India, China and Thailand start to invest intensively into this market. In the new scenario, Brazil became the main producer of sugar, as well as the main exporter one. The models considered in this study showed the influence of the main sugar producers and the worldwide stocks against the commodity price behaviour. Firstly, the study showed that ending-stocks have a higher impact in the sugar prices comparing to beginning-stocks, in this case, the main countries that contribute for stocks build-up were Brazil and India. Secondly, this study evaluated the impact of the largest sugar producers against the price, the models concluded that Brazil was the most significant country followed by China. Although the study showed Brazil as the main country which impacts stocks and sugar price; it is important to highlight that other countries are also important in the context to identify the main drivers for the supply and demand dynamics in order to evaluate price levels in response of the production and stocks.

The BRICS: some historical experiences, growth challenges and opportunities

The acronym BRICS was a fad among the media and global investors. Now, the acronym sounds passé. However, the group of countries remains important, from both political and economic reasons. They have a large aggregate size, 28% of the global GDP and 42% of the world’s population, high growth potential due to the current significant misallocation of resources and relatively low stock of human capital, structural transformation is in progress and one of them, China, is taking steps to become a global power and a challenger to the US dominance. This paper provides a brief overview of the five economies, Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. We focus on some aspects of their history, the Chinese initiatives in international finance and geopolitical strategic moves, their growth experience and structural transformation over the last 35 years, trade and investment integration into the global economy and among themselves, the growth challenges faced by their economies and the potential gains to the Brazilian economy from a stronger integration with the other BRICS. In association with its efforts to be a global power, China aims to become a major player in global finance and to achieve the status of global currency for the renminbi, which would be the first currency of an emerging economy to attain such position. Despite the similarities, the BRICS encompass very diverse economies. In the recent decades, China and India showed stellar growth rates. On the other hand, Brazil, Russia and South Africa have expanded just in line with global output growth with the Russian economy exhibiting high volatility. China is by far the largest economy, and South Africa the smallest, the only BRICS economy with a GDP lower than US$ 1 trillion. Russia abandoned communism almost 25 years ago, but reversed many of the privatizations of 90’s. China is still ruled by communism, but has a vibrant private sector and recently has officially declared market forces to play a dominant role in its economy. Brazil, Russia and South Africa are global natural resources powerhouses and commodity exporters while China and India are large commodity importers. Brazil is relatively closed to international trade of goods and services, in marked contrast to the other four economies. Brazil, India and South Africa are dependent on external capital flows whereas China and Russia are capital exporters. India and South Africa have younger populations and a large portion living below the poverty line. Despite its extraordinary growth experience that lifted many millions from poverty, China still has 28% of its population classified as poor. Russia and China have much older populations and one of their challenges is to deal with the effects of a declining labor force in the near future. India, China and South Africa face a long way to urbanization, while Brazil and Russia are already urbanized countries. China is an industrial economy but its primary sector still absorbs a large pool of workers. India is not, but the primary sector employs also a large share of the labor force. China’s aggregate demand structure is biased towards investment that has been driving its expansion. Brazil and South Africa have an aggregate demand structure similar to the developed economies, with private consumption accounting for approximately 70%. The same similarity applies to the supply side, as in both economies the share of services nears 70%. The development problem is a productivity problem, so microeconomic reforms are badly needed to foster long-term growth of the BRICS economies since they have lost steam due a variety of factors, but fundamentally due to slower total factor productivity growth. China and India are implementing ambitious reform programs, while Brazil is dealing with macroeconomic disequilibria. Russia and South Africa remain mute about structural reforms. There are some potential benefits to Brazil to be extracted from a greater economic integration with the BRICS, particularly in natural resources intensive industries and services. Necessary conditions to the materialization of those gains are the removal of the several sources of resource misallocation and strong investment in human capital.

Contabilidade do crescimento aplicada para Brasil, Chile, China, India e Coréia

O presente trabalho utiliza a “Contabilidade do crescimento” para analisar e explicar as diferenças nas taxas de crescimento do PIB per capita dos países Brasil, Chile, China, Índia e Coréia no período compreendido entre os anos 1960 e 2000. Descrevendo os quatro fatos estilizados do crescimento econômico, a “Contabilidade do crescimento de Solow”, bem como a função de produção Cobb-Douglas, buscou-se dar o embasamento teórico para o modelo utilizado de fato no presente trabalho, que decompôs o crescimento dos diferentes países para identificar qual fator mais contribuiu ou quais fatores de produção mais contribuíram para os diferentes níveis de crescimento econômico dos países analisados. A metodologia utilizada no trabalho baseia-se em pesquisas bibliográficas, que visam primordialmente a fundamentação conceitual e teórica de alguns conceitos utilizados e em pesquisas às diferentes bases de dados históricos referentes aos países e variáveis analisadas. Pode-se afirmar que as principais fontes de consulta foram a “Penn World Table” da Universidade da Pensilvânia e o Banco Mundial. O estudo irá demonstrar, além dos diferentes níveis de cada um dos fatores (capital humano, físico e progresso tecnológico ou “TFP – Total Factor Productivity” ) nos países, como cada um desses fatores evoluiu ao longo dos anos e qual a contribuição de cada um nas taxas de crescimento do PIB per capita de cada um dos países analisados. É feito um estudo da variância do crescimento do PIB per capita, onde ficará claro que boa parte das diferenças apresentadas nas taxas de crescimento dos países vem do progresso tecnológico ou da covariância dos fatores, que são progresso tecnológico e o agrupamento do capital físico e humano. Também verificou-se a correlação existente entre a variação do PIB per capita e as variáveis que o compõe, permitindo a visualização do alto grau de correlação existente, principalmente com o progresso tecnológico ou “TFP”.