A reforma tributária do governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso numa perspectiva da Public Choice

A presente dissertação utiliza o instrumental teórico da Public Choice para analisar a política dos tributos indiretos proposta pelo Gov~rno Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995/1998), enfatizando a interação e a motivação individual dos diversos agentes envolvidos no processo : políticos, burocratas, grupos de interesse, poder judiciário, grupos externos, cidadão/ contribuinte. Como resultado dessa análise, duas questões relevantes são levantadas : 1. a grande influência do sistema eleitoral brasileiro na elaboração das normas tributárias; 2. a ausência de uma proposta de aperfeiçoamento da administração fazendária.

Life expectancy, educational attainment, and fertility choice

This paper explores the role of mortality as a determinant of educational attainment and fertility, both during the demographic transition and after its completion. Two main points distinguish our analysis from the previous ones. Together with the investments of parents in the human capital of children, traditional in the fertility literature, we introduce investments of adult individuals (parents) in their own education, which ultimately determines productivity in both the goods and household sectors. Second, we let adult longevity affect the way parents value each individual child. Increases in adult longevity or reductions in child mortality eventually raise the investments in adult education. Together with the higher utility derived from each child, this tilts the quality-quantity trade off towards less and better educated children, and increases the growth rate of the economy. This setup can explain both the demographic transition and the recent behavior of fertility in “post-transition” countries. Evidence from historical experiences of demographic transition, and from the recent behavior of fertility, education, and growth generally supports the predictions of the model.

Portfolio choice with a correlated background risk : theory and evidence

We extend the static portfolio choice problem with a small background risk to the case of small partially correlated background risks. We show that respecting the theories under which risk substitution appears, except for the independence of background risk, it is perfectly rational for the individual to increase his optimal exposure to portfolio risk when risks are partially negatively correlated. Then, we test empirically the hypothesis of risk substitutability using INSEE data on French households. We find that households respond by increasing their stockholdings in response to the increase in future earnings uncertainty. This conclusion is in contradiction with results obtained in other countries. So, in light of these results, our model provides an explanation to account for the lack of empirical consensus on cross-country tests of risk substitution theory that encompasses and criticises all of them.