O planejamento e o gerenciamento econômico-financeiros como instrumentos de redução da mortalidade das micro e pequenas empresas - estudo de caso: Restaurante Buongustaio

O presente estudo objetivou identificar as principais causas da mortalidade das micro e pequenas empresas brasileiras e como os instrumentos de planejamento e gerenciamento econômico-financeiros podem reduzir esta mortalidade. Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica sobre as micro e pequenas empresas (MPE) em que se identificaram: as definições, as principais características, a importância, as principais necessidades e dificuldades, a taxa de mortalidade e os fatores de mortalidade desse segmento de empresas. Dessa forma, verificou-se que as MPE têm grande importância na economia e sociedade brasileiras. A maioria expressiva (98%) das empresas brasileiras é classificada como MPE, sendo elas responsáveis por 43% da oferta de empregos e por quase a metade de toda a receita e valor da produção do país. O trabalho abordou pesquisas mostrando que as taxas médias de mortalidade das empresas brasileiras são significativas e preocupantes, podendo atingir índices próximos a 60% somente no primeiro ano de sua constituição, em alguns Estados do Brasil. Este fenômeno não pode ser atribuído a um fator isoladamente, mas a um conjunto de fatores ambientais, técnicos, administrativos e outros mais que, combinados, podem ampliar os riscos de fechamento das x empresas. No entanto, grande parte dos estudos aponta problemas de origem financeira como um dos principais fatores condicionantes da mortalidade das MPE. As necessidades mais prementes nas MPE, identificadas na pesquisa bibliográfica, foram: instrumentos de planejamento e gestão, treinamento especializado, capital de giro, crédito a taxas compatíveis com a rentabilidade e formalização dos processos. A pesquisa principal do trabalho é o estudo de caso abordando a experiência vivencial de implantação, planejamento, gerenciamento e controle do Restaurante Buongustaio em Brasília, nos seus 10 meses iniciais de funcionamento. Foram abordadas as principais dificuldades, problemas enfrentados e soluções envolvendo planejamento, gestão, recursos humanos, capital de giro e atendimento a clientes, dentre outros. o estudo de caso possibilitou a aferição de vários conceitos e conteúdos abordados na pesquisa bibliográfica e conclui-se que a utilização dos instrumentos de planejamento e gerenciamento econômico-financeiros, como: plano de negócios, análise econômico-financeira, gerenciamento do fluxo de caixa e de capital de giro, fornece importante contribuição para a sobrevivência e crescimento da micro e pequena empresa, reduzindo o seu risco de falência ou mortalidade prematura.

Análise crítica do sistema de franquias no Brasil

Este estudo procura investigar a atual situação do sistema de franquias no Brasil e propiciar uma maior compreensão das razões que levaram franqueados a desligarem-se de suas redes de franquias. Em primeiro lugar, apresenta-se um referencial teórico. Em seguida, são apresentados os resultados de uma pesquisa exploratória, baseada no Estudo de Casos, realizada junto a onze ex-franqueados de diferentes redes de franquias. Objetiva-se identificar os fatores que geraram a insatisfação com a franquia e os principais motivos de desligamento da rede. Por fim, são apresentadas as limitações e contribuições do estudo, bem como sugestões para estudos futuros.

Non- parametric specification tests for conditional duration models

This paper deals with the estimation and testing of conditional duration models by looking at the density and baseline hazard rate functions. More precisely, we foeus on the distance between the parametric density (or hazard rate) function implied by the duration process and its non-parametric estimate. Asymptotic justification is derived using the functional delta method for fixed and gamma kernels, whereas finite sample properties are investigated through Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we show the practical usefulness of such testing procedures by carrying out an empirical assessment of whether autoregressive conditional duration models are appropriate to oIs for modelling price durations of stocks traded at the New York Stock Exchange.

Aggregate vs disaggregate data analysis: a paradox in the estimation of money demand function of Japan under the low interest rate policy

We investigate the issue of whether there was a stable money demand function for Japan in 1990's using both aggregate and disaggregate time series data. The aggregate data appears to support the contention that there was no stable money demand function. The disaggregate data shows that there was a stable money demand function. Neither was there any indication of the presence of liquidity trapo Possible sources of discrepancy are explored and the diametrically opposite results between the aggregate and disaggregate analysis are attributed to the neglected heterogeneity among micro units. We also conduct simulation analysis to show that when heterogeneity among micro units is present. The prediction of aggregate outcomes, using aggregate data is less accurate than the prediction based on micro equations. Moreover. policy evaluation based on aggregate data can be grossly misleading.

Estimating the stochastic discount factor without a utility function

Using the Pricing Equation in a panel-data framework, we construct a novel consistent estimator of the stochastic discount factor (SDF) which relies on the fact that its logarithm is the serial-correlation ìcommon featureîin every asset return of the economy. Our estimator is a simple function of asset returns, does not depend on any parametric function representing preferences, is suitable for testing di§erent preference speciÖcations or investigating intertemporal substitution puzzles, and can be a basis to construct an estimator of the risk-free rate. For post-war data, our estimator is close to unity most of the time, yielding an average annual real discount rate of 2.46%. In formal testing, we cannot reject standard preference speciÖcations used in the literature and estimates of the relative risk-aversion coe¢ cient are between 1 and 2, and statistically equal to unity. Using our SDF estimator, we found little signs of the equity-premium puzzle for the U.S.

Brazilian indexing and inertial inflation: evidence from time-varying estimates of an inflation transfer function

This paper is a theoretica1 and empirica1 study of the re1ationship between indexing po1icy and feedback mechanisms in the inflationary adjustment process in Brazil. The focus of our study is on two policy issues: (1) did the Brazilian system of indexing of interest rates, the exchange rate, and wages make inflation so dependent on its own past values that it created a significant feedback process and inertia in the behaviour of inflation in and (2) was the feedback effect of past inf1ation upon itself so strong that dominated the effect of monetary/fiscal variables upon current inflation? This paper develops a simple model designed to capture several "stylized facts" of Brazi1ian indexing po1icy. Separate ru1es of "backward indexing" for interest rates, the exchange rate, and wages, reflecting the evolution of po1icy changes in Brazil, are incorporated in a two-sector model of industrial and agricultural prices. A transfer function derived irom this mode1 shows inflation depending on three factors: (1) past values of inflation, (2) monetary and fiscal variables, and (3) supply- .shock variables. The indexing rules for interest rates, the exchange rate, and wages place restrictions on the coefficients of the transfer function. Variations in the policy-determined parameters of the indexing rules imply changes in the coefficients of the transfer function for inflation. One implication of this model, in contrast to previous results derived in analytically simpler models of indexing, is that a higher degree of indexing does not make current inflation more responsive to current monetary shocks. The empirical section of this paper studies the central hypotheses of this model through estimation of the inflation transfer function with time-varying parameters. The results show a systematic non-random variation of the transfer function coefficients closely synchronized with changes in the observed values of the wage-indexing parameters. Non-parametric tests show the variation of the transfer function coefficients to be statistically significant at the time of the changes in wage indexing rules in Brazil. As the degree of indexing increased, the inflation feadback coefficients increased, while the effect of external price and agricultura shocs progressively increased and monetary effects progressively decreased.

Entrepreneurship failure: is culture to blame?

Apesar de Empreendedorismo e Cultura serem tópicos com extensa literatura na área de estudos de Administração de Empresas, existe relativamente pouca pesquisa na influencia que a Cultura exerce no Empreendedorismo. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a influencia da cultura no índice de fracasso do empreendedorismo. Através de uma abordagem de correlação, utilizando 40 países da database do Hofstede (2001) de trabalhadores da IBM e dados presentes na database do Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Os resultados desta análise sugerem que Individualismo VS. Coletivismo é a única dimensão cultural significativa quando se discute os efeitos da cultura no índice de fracasso do Empreendedorismo.

Cash-cum-in-kind transfers and income tax function

This paper investigates income tax revenues response to tax rate changes taking into consideration that cash-cum-in-kind transfers are used as a redistributive package to the community. First, we show that when cash and in-kind transfers are not tied to be substitute instruments, a marginal income tax increase may unambiguously decrease the quantity supplied of labor (and tax revenues therein). Next, we show that whenever the government chooses the optimum provision for the publicly provided good the tax revenue function has a negatively-sloped part with respect to tax rates except for one case. Last, we consider Brazilian data - PNAD - from 1976 to 2008 to test our theoretical implications. Our estimations suggest a weak evidence in favor of the existence of a La er-type curve for Brazilian income tax revenues data. Moreover, wend that the actual average income tax rate seems to be below the estimated optimum level. In a shorter sample from 1996-1999, we nd evidence that labor supply decreases with tax rate when cash and in-kind transfers are in play. Using a pseudo-panel from the same shorter sample, we try to estimate the elasticity of taxable income, following Creedy and Gemmell (2012) and Saez et al. (2009). We explore a small tax reform between 1997 and 1998 that a ected only the higher income tax bracket, and evidence that Brazil is on the revenue reducing side of the La er Curve, at least for individuals in the higher income tax bracket.