The influence of materialism on consumption indebtedness in the context of low income consumers from the city of São Paulo

This research is in the domains of materialism, consumer vulnerability and consumption indebtedness, concepts frequently approached in the literature on consumer behavior, macro-marketing and economic psychology. The influence of materialism on consumer indebtedness is investigated within a context that is characterized by poverty and by factors that cause vulnerability, such as high interest rates, limited access to credit and to quality affordable goods. The objectives of this research are: to produce a materialism scale that is well adapted to its environment, characterizing materialism adequately for the population studied; to compare results obtained with results of other studies; and to measure the relationship between materialism, socio-demographic variables, attitude to debt and consumption indebtedness. The primary data used in the analyses were collected from field research carried out in August, 2005 that relied on a probabilistic household sample of 450 low income individuals who live in poor regions of the city of Sao Paulo. The materialism scale, adapted and translated into Portuguese from Richins (2004), proved to be very successful and encourages new work in the area. It was noted that younger adults tend to be more materialistic than older ones; that illiterate adults tend to be less materialistic than those who did literacy courses when they were already adults; and that gender, income and race are not associated with the materialism construct. Among the other results, a logistic regression model was developed in order to distinguish those individuals who have an installment plan payment booklet from those who do not, based on materialism, socio-demographic variables and purchasing and consumer habits. The proposed model confirms materialism as a behavioral variable useful for forecasting the probability of an individual getting into debt in order to consume, in some cases almost doubling the chance of occurrence of this event. Findings confirm the thesis that it is not only adverse economic factors that lead people to get into debt; and that the study of demand for credit for consumption purposes must, of necessity, include variables of a psychological nature. It is suggested that the low income materialistic consumer experiences feelings of powerlessness and exclusion because of the gap that exists between their possessions and their desires. Lines of conduct to combat this marginalization from the consumer society are drawn targeting marketing professionals, public policy makers and vulnerability researchers. Finally, the possibility of new studies involving the materialism construct, which is central to literature on consumer behavior, albeit little used in empirical studies in Brazil, are discussed.

Affirmative action and interracial friendships

In two recent cases involving the University of Michigan, the Supreme Court examined whether race should be allowed to play an explicit role in the admission decisions of schools. The primary argument in these court cases and others has been that racial diversity strengthens the quality of education ofered to all students. Underlying this argument is the notion that educational benefits arise if interactions between students of different races improve preparation for life after college by, among other things, fostering mutual understanding and correcting misperceptions. A comprehensive study of this issue would ideally examine two conditions: first, whether students actually have incorrect perceptions about their friendship compatibility with students of other races at the time of college entrance; second, if misperceptions exist, whether diversity on campus is effective in changing students' beliefs about individuals of different races. In this paper we provide, to the best of our knowledge, the first direct evidence about both conditions by taking advantage of unique new data that was collected specifically for this purpose.

Testando as hipóteses do modelo de Mincer para o Brasil: uma abordagem não paramétrica

Na literatura empírica, várias estimativas de taxas de retorno para educação têm sido reportadas, baseadas no modelo de Mincer (1958, 1974). No entanto, para que o coeficiente dos anos de estudo, em uma regressão do logaritmo da renda contra educação e experiência, seja entendido como taxa de retorno diversas hipóteses devem ser válidas. Baseado em Heckman, Lochner e Todd (2006) e Heckman, Ichimura, Smith e Todd (1998), testamos algumas de tais hipóteses como: linearidade nos anos estudo e separabilidade entre educação e experiência (paralelismo). Para isso, utilizamos dados da PNAD (1992-2004) e do Censo (1970-2000) e lançamos mão de regressões paramétricas e não-paramétricas (regressão linear local); e acabamos rejeitando tanto linearidade como paralelismo. Adicionalmente, relaxamos tais hipóteses e estimamos as taxas internas de retorno (T1Rs), baseado em Becker (1993), para se medir a ordem do viés em relação ao coeficiente escolar do modelo original de Mincer. Esta medida permite mensurar o tamanho do erro em diversos estudos quando os mesmos utilizam o modelo de Mincer. Obtemos vieses que chegaram a ordem de mais de 200%, como por exemplo a TIR em 2000 passando de 17.2% para todos níveis educacionais (retorno "minceriano") para 5.61% para mestrado/doutorado em relação ao nível superior, quando estimada não parametricamente, relaxando linearidade e paralelismo. Assim, diversos estudos no Brasil não consideram tais hipóteses e, conseqüentemente suas estimativas estão erradas e mais ainda, a magnitude deste erro é grande, podendo levar à conclusões distorcidas ou mal interpretadas. Assim, provemos também novas estimativas das TIRs, as quais devem ser tomadas como referência para a análise do comportamento dos agentes nos movimentos de demanda por educação e oferta de mão-de-obra. Por fim, corroboramos a evidência da literatura que os retornos educacionais estão decaindo ao longo das décadas, com exceção do nível superior que aponta para um crescimento nesta última década, mas em magnitude menor das obtidas em diversos estudos recentes, que se baseiam no modelo de Mincer.