A influência da conexão política política na reestruturação de ativos dos grupos econômicos no Brasil

Business groups são formas organizacionais diversificadas comuns em países emergentes (Khanna; Yafeh, 2007; Schneider, 2008). Várias pesquisas tentam explicar a formação dos business groups e várias são as abordagens teóricas: institucional / custos de transação (Leff, 1978; Khanna & Palepu, 2000), economia política (Schneider, 2008), sociológica (Granovetter, 1994), da agência (Yu, Lu, Bruton, 2007) e resource-based view (Guillén, 2000). As teorias apresentam mecanismos para a existência desse tipo de organização nas economias emergentes. No Brasil, o governo tem grande influência na formação e desenvolvimento dos grupos, assim como em outras economias emergentes. A teoria de diversificação (Hoskisson, et al., 2005) versa sobre a reestruturação dos grupos e tem como foco a diversificação dos grupos. Baseado na teoria de custos de transação, a teoria de reestruturação argumenta que com a melhoria das instituições, os grupos tendem a diminuir seu poder econômico. Já a abordagem da economia política deixa claro que os grupos influenciam e são influenciados pelo governo. Uma das formas de conexão política entre os grupos e o governo é a doação às campanhas políticas. Esse estudo tem por objetivo, por conta disso, analisar a influência da conexão política, via doações às campanhas, na reestruturação de ativos dos grupos econômicos no Brasil. A abordagem da economia política é central nesse estudo para efetuar essa análise. Os dados dos grupos foram obtidos do anuário Valor Grandes Grupos (jornal Valor Econômico) e a amostra final contou com 760 observações ao longo de 8 anos dos grupos econômicos no Brasil. A análise foi feita sob modelos de efeito fixo controlando para fatores econômicos/financeiros e institucionais. Os resultados trazem forte relacionamento positivo das conexões políticas com o crescimento dos grupos econômicos no Brasil. Questões levantadas a partir desse estudo sugerem que no Brasil os grupos crescem para aumentar sua força política.

Valuation and performance of firms in complex ownership structures : an application to Korean chaebols

We propose several new metrics to describe the complex ownership structure of business groups, and provide simple formulas and algorithms to compute these metrics. We use these measures to describe in detail the ownership structure of Korean chaebols in the period of 2003 to 2004. In addition, we validate the usefulness of our new metrics by showing empirically that they are important for understanding the valuation and performance of group firms. In particular, we show evidence that firms that are central to the control structure of the chaebol (central firms), firms in cross-shareholdings, and firms that are placed at the bottom of the group (i.e., with lower ultimate ownership) have lower profitability than other group firms. The valuation results suggest that central firms and firms in cross-shareholding loops have lower valuations than other public Chaebol firms. The lower valuation of these firms is not explained by variation in measures of ownership concentration and separation between ownership and control.

Special interests and political business cycles

In this paper we bridge the gap between special interest politics and political business cycle literature. We build a framework where the interplay between the lobby power of special interest groups and the voting power of the majority of the population leads to political business cycles. We apply our set up to explain electoral cycles in government expenditure composition, aggregate expenditures and real exchange rates.

Growth process in business and social entrepreneurship: the case of Brazil

The purpose of the dissertation is to investigate in depth the difference between the challenges social and business entrepreneurs face in the growth phase of their business in the particular environment of Brazil. This objective has been achieved through a two-steps methodology. The first step is a set of in-depth interviews carried out with industry experts such as professors, venture capitalists, consultants, fund managers or people involved in the support of growing startups (i.e. accelerators). These interviews allowed, first, to build a general perspective on the environment entrepreneurs operate into and to identify a list of challenges entrepreneurs face in the growth process of their business. This list was completed with the additional challenges identified in the previous literature. The second step of the methodology was to test the relevance of these challenges in the mind and experience of social and traditional entrepreneurs. A questionnaire was then submitted to 145 social and 286 traditional entrepreneurs. The results were statistically analyzed to test the relative relevance of these challenges for one group of entrepreneurs with respect to the other. The outcome of the analysis was significant. The most relevant challenges identified were, for both groups, taxation, bureaucracy, finding the right employees, creating effective teams, measuring firm performance and social value creation and obtaining funds. On the other side motivation, innovation, competition and lack of market space for growth represented the least relevant issues in the minds of entrepreneurs. This rank however did not differ significantly from social to traditional entrepreneurs. This testifies that in Brazil social and traditional entrepreneurs face the same set of challenges despite the widespread belief of the opposite.