Robinson Crusoé e Macunaíma: um ensaio sobre eficiência, justiça e racionalidade econômica: parte I

Este trabalho tem como propósito examinar como a ciência econômica poderia recontar a história de Macunaíma, que se revela aqui como um aparentado de Sexta-Feira. Na Parte-I, que corresponde ao presente texto, analisamos criticamente a interpretação tradicional de Robinson Crusoé feita pela literatura econômica. Ademais, traçamos um panorama da leitura de Macunaíma, apresentando algumas linhas de interpretação, na extensão em que estas notas introdutórias o permitem. Na Parte-II, situamos a trajetória de Macunaíma para ilustrar o sentido imanente do que vem a ser 'racionalidade econômica', demonstrando que, quando ela está ausente - como nesta história – podemos inferir as conseqüências disto em termos de eficiência e justiça econômicas. O fracasso de Macunaíma representa metaforicamente o insucesso, evidente em algumas economias, no sentido de se garantir as condições mínimas para a prosperidade e justiça econômicas.

How does corruption hurt growth? Evidences about the effects of corruption on factors productivity and per capita income

Corruption is a phenomenon that plagues many countries and, mostly, walks hand in hand with inefficient institutional structures, which reduce the effectiveness of public and private investment. In countries with widespread corruption, for each monetary unit invested, a sizable share is wasted, implying less investment. Corruption can also be a burden on a nation’s wealth and economic growth, by driving away new investment and creating uncertainties regarding private and social rights. Thus, corruption can affect not only factors productivity, but also their accumulation, with detrimental consequences on a society’s social development. This article aims to analyze and measure the influence of corruption on a country’s wealth. It is implicitly admitted that the degree of institutional development has an adverse effect on the productivity of production factors, which implies in reduced per capita income. It is assumed that the level of wealth and economic growth depends on domestic savings, foster technological progress and a proper educational system. Corruption, within this framework, is not unlike an additional cost, which stifles the “effectiveness” of the investment. This article first discusses the key theories evaluating corruption’s economic consequences. Later, it analyzes the relation between institutional development, factor productivity and per capita income, based on the neoclassical approach to economic growth. Finally, it brings some empirical evidence regarding the effects of corruption on factor productivity, in a sample of 81 countries studied in 1998. The chief conclusion is that corruption negatively affects the wealth of a nation by reducing capital productivity, or its effectiveness.