O problema da reestruturação de dívida soberana : uma resenha das contribuições recentes

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Brazilian international and inter-state trade flows: an exploratory analysis using the gravity model

Recent efforts toward a world with freer trade, like WTO/GATT or regional Preferential Trade Agreements(PTAs), were put in doubt after McCallum's(1995) finding of a large border effect between US and Canadian provinces. Since then, there has been a great amount of research on this topic employing the gravity equation. This dissertation has two goals. The first goal is to review comprehensively the recent literature about the gravity equation, including its usages, econometric specifications, and the efforts to provide it with microeconomic foundations. The second goal is the estimation of the Brazilian border effect (or 'home-bias trade puzzle') using inter-state and international trade flow data. It is used a pooled cross-section Tobit model. The lowest border effect estimated was 15, which implies that Brazilian states trade among themselves 15 times more than they trade with foreign countries. Further research using industry disaggregated data is needed to qualify the estimated border effect with respect to which part of that effect can be attributed to actual trade costs and which part is the outcome of the endogenous location problem of the firm.

Os dois métodos da teoria econômica

Economic theory deals with a complex reality, which may be seen through various perspectives, using different methods. Economics’ three major branches – development economics, macroeconomics, and microeconomics – cannot be unified because the former two use preferentially a historical-deductive, while the later, an essentially hypothetical-deductive or aprioristic method. Smith, Marx and Keynes used an essentially the method of the new historical facts, while Walras, an aprioristic one to devise the neoclassical general equilibrium model. The historical-deductive method looks for the new historical facts that condition the economic reality. Economic theory remains central, but it is more modest, or less general, as the economist that adopt principally this method is content to analyze stabilization and growth in the framework of a given historical phase or moment of the economic process. As a trade off, his models are more realistic and conducive to more effective economic policies, as long as he is not required to previously abandon, one by one, the unrealistic assumptions required by a excessively general theory, but already starts from more realistic ones

Concessão de rodovias : uma análise crítica

Analisa diversos aspectos de Concessões de Rodovias, enfocando aspectos jurídicos, históricos e casos reais das concessões no Brasil. Enfoca modelos e variáveis de Parcerias Público-Privadas, especialmente as rodoviárias. Analisa problemas específicos da cobrança de pedágios. Como conclusões apresenta sugestões para novos modelos de concessão de rodovias; propõe mudanças para o barateamento das tarifas de concessões em andamento; sugere formas para tomar a cobrança de pedágios mais justa

Bounds for the probability distribution function of the linear ACD process

This paper derives both lower and upper bounds for the probability distribution function of stationary ACD(p, q) processes. For the purpose of illustration, I specialize the results to the main parent distributions in duration analysis. Simulations show that the lower bound is much tighter than the upper bound.

Convex combinations of long memory estimates from different sampling rates

Convex combinations of long memory estimates using the same data observed at different sampling rates can decrease the standard deviation of the estimates, at the cost of inducing a slight bias. The convex combination of such estimates requires a preliminary correction for the bias observed at lower sampling rates, reported by Souza and Smith (2002). Through Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the bias and the standard deviation of the combined estimates, as well as the root mean squared error (RMSE), which takes both into account. While comparing the results of standard methods and their combined versions, the latter achieve lower RMSE, for the two semi-parametric estimators under study (by about 30% on average for ARFIMA(0,d,0) series).

Idade, incapacidade e a inflação do número de pessoas com deficiência

Estudamos a evolução do número das pessoas com deficiência, através da consolidação e condensação de um vasto acervo de informações que abordam essa questão: Inquéritos de 1972 e de 1900, Censos de 1920 e 1940; microdados dos suplementos de saúde da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostras de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE) de 1981 e 1998; da Pesquisa de Condições de Vida (PCV/Seade); e os microdados censitários de 1991 e 2000. O Censo Demográfico de 2000 informa que 24,5 milhões de brasileiros são portadores de deficiência no país, 14,5% da população, número bastante superior aos levantamentos anteriores: menos de 2%. Isto não ocorre porque tenha aumentado a incidência de deficiências, mas pela mudança dos instrumentos de coleta de dados seguindo as últimas recomendações da OMS, incorporando ao universo das deficiências os indivíduos com “alguma ou grande dificuldade de andar, ouvir ou enxergar”. Tal inovação permite realizar um diagnóstico diferenciado de acordo com o grau de deficiência. A fim de entender a evolução temporal das estatísticas a respeito da incidência de deficiências no Brasil, propomos a separação no grupo de deficientes em geral do grupo com maior gravidade das deficiências reportadas, aqui convencionadas como pessoas com incapacidade (PPIs). Três metodologias distintas (análises bivariadas, regressões logísticas e análise de correspondência) apontam a questão etária como principal determinante para o advento das deficiências em geral. O impacto da idade se apresenta menor no caso das incapacidades. Concluímos que o Censo Demográfico de 2000 ao incorporar no universo das deficiências aquelas do tipo “alguma ou grande dificuldade” acabou por classificar grande parte da população idosa com tal, o que sugere a aplicação de políticas distintas para esses dois grupos populacionais. Dada a transição demográfica ora em curso, projeções populacionais indicam que até 2025, mantidas as taxas de deficiência e incapacidades por faixa etária, a taxas agregadas devem atingir 18,6% e 3,01%, respectivamente, crescendo 30,6% e 19,3% em relação a 2000.

Forecasting electricity load demand: analysis of the 2001 rationing period in Brazil

This paper studies the electricity load demand behavior during the 2001 rationing period, which was implemented because of the Brazilian energetic crisis. The hourly data refers to a utility situated in the southeast of the country. We use the model proposed by Soares and Souza (2003), making use of generalized long memory to model the seasonal behavior of the load. The rationing period is shown to have imposed a structural break in the series, decreasing the load at about 20%. Even so, the forecast accuracy is decreased only marginally, and the forecasts rapidly readapt to the new situation. The forecast errors from this model also permit verifying the public response to pieces of information released regarding the crisis.

Fertility and the value of Life

The value of life methodology has been recently applied to a wide range of contexts as a means to evaluate welfare gains attributable to mortality reductions and health improvements. Yet, it suffers from an important methodological drawback: it does not incorporate into the analysis child mortality, individuals’ decisions regarding fertility, and their altruism towards offspring. Two interrelated dimensions of fertility choice are potentially essential in evaluating life expectancy and health related gains. First, child mortality rates can be very important in determining welfare in a context where individuals choose the number of children they have. Second, if altruism motivates fertility, life expectancy gains at any point in life have a twofold effect: they directly increase utility via increased survival probabilities, and they increase utility via increased welfare of the offspring. We develop a manageable way to deal with value of life valuations when fertility choices are endogenous and individuals are altruistic towards their offspring. We use the methodology developed in the paper to value the reductions in mortality rates experienced by the US between 1965 and 1995. The calculations show that, with a very conservative set of parameters, altruism and fertility can easily double the value of mortality reductions for a young adult, when compared to results obtained using the traditional value of life methodology.