The Brazilian 1994 stabilization plan: an analytical view

The Real Plan has succeeded in stabilizing the Brazilian inflation. The consumer price inflation has been reduced from 11260 percent per year, in June 1994, to an estimate of 8 percent in 1997. The lower inflation resulted in a remarkable income distribution, and in an increased private consumption. The plan managed to control the inflationary effects of the increased demand with some traditional measures: A more liberalized economy, a moving (and overvalued) exchange rate band, high interest rate differentials, and a tight domestic credit policy. The government has, so far failed to accomplish the fiscal adjustment. The price stabilization has largely depended on the current account deficit. However, macroeconomic indicators do not present reasons for concern about the current account sustainability, in the medium-run. The economy may be trapped in a low-growth vicious cycle, represented by a stop-and-go trend, due to the two-way endogencity between domestic saving and growth. Economic growth depends on policies in increase the public sector saving, to secure the privatization of the State enterprises, and to promote investments. The major problem for the government action is, as always, in the political sphere. Approximately 80 percent of the Central Government net revenue are allocated to the social sectors. Consequently, the fiscal reform will hue to deal with the problem of re-designing the public sector’s intervention in the social area. Most probably, it will be inevitable to cut the social area budget. This is politically unpleasant.

A panel data approach to economic forecasting: the bias-corrected average forecast

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to econometric forecasting of stationary and ergodic time series within a panel-data framework. Our key element is to employ the (feasible) bias-corrected average forecast. Using panel-data sequential asymptotics we show that it is potentially superior to other techniques in several contexts. In particular, it is asymptotically equivalent to the conditional expectation, i.e., has an optimal limiting mean-squared error. We also develop a zeromean test for the average bias and discuss the forecast-combination puzzle in small and large samples. Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the feasible bias-corrected average forecast in finite samples. An empirical exercise, based upon data from a well known survey is also presented. Overall, these results show promise for the feasible bias-corrected average forecast.

Endogenous time-dependent rules and the costs of disinflation with imperfect credibility

This paper examines the output effects of monetary disinflation in a model with endogenous time-dependent pricing rules and imperfect credibility of the disinflation policy. We find that these features interact to generate an additional effect on top f the ones obtained with either endogenous time-dependent rules (Bonomo and Carvalho, 2003) or imperfect credibility (Ball, 1995) in isolation. This results in higher output costs of monetary disinflation.

Pure strategy equilibria of multidimensional and non-monotonic auctions

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of symmetric equilibrium without ties in interdependent values auctions, with multidimensional independent types and no monotonic assumptions. In this case, non-monotonic equilibria might happen. When the necessary and sufficient conditions are not satisfied, there are ties with positive probability. In such case, we are still able to prove the existence of pure strategy equilibrium with an all-pay auction tie-breaking rule. As a direct implication of these results, we obtain a generalization of the Revenue Equivalence Theorem. From the robustness of equilibrium existence for all-pay auctions in multidimensional setting, an interpretation of our results can give a new justification to the use of tournaments in practice.

An intra-household approach to the welfare costs of inflation (Revised Version, Forthcoming 2006, Estudos Econômicos)

The literature on the welfare costs of ináation universally assumes that the many-person household can be treated as a single economic agent. This paper explores what the heterogeneity of the agents in a household might imply for such welfare analyses. First, we show that allowing for a one-person or for a many-person transacting technology impacts the money demand function and, therefore, the welfare costs of ináation. Second, more importantly, we derive su¢ cient conditions under which welfare assessments which depart directly from the knowledge of the money demand function (as in Lucas (2000)) are robust (invariant) under the number of persons considered in the household. Third, we show that Baileyís (1956) partial-equilibrium measure of the welfare costs of ináation can be obtained as a Örst-order approximation of the general-equilibrium welfare measure derived in this paper using a many-person transacting technology.

Regional or educational disparities? a counterfactual exercise

This work investigates the impact of schooling Oil income distribution in statesjregions of Brazil. Using a semi-parametric model, discussed in DiNardo, Fortin & Lemieux (1996), we measure how much income diíferences between the Northeast and Southeast regions- the country's poorest and richest - and between the states of Ceará and São Paulo in those regions - can be explained by differences in schooling leveIs of the resident population. Using data from the National Household Survey (PNAD), we construct counterfactual densities by reweighting the distribution of the poorest region/state by the schooling profile of the richest. We conclude that: (i) more than 50% of the income di:fference is explained by the difference in schooling; (ii) the highest deciles of the income distribution gain more from an increase in schooling, closely approaching the wage distribution of the richest region/state; and (iii) an increase in schooling, holding the wage structure constant, aggravates the wage disparity in the poorest regions/ states.

Plano Collor: contra factualidade e sugestões sobre a condução da política monetária-fiscal

O Plano Collor foi teoricamente imprevisível, pois representou a opção por uma alternativa de alto risco e reduzidas chances de compatibilizar crescimento sustentado com preços estáveis. Da forma como implementado, o Plano tornou a contenção do déficit público um problema "de vida ou morte" para a evolução futura da economia. Este ponto é abordado na seção inicial, onde tambem se conclui que a contrapartida prática de uma queda de confiança do público no sistema financeiro (devido ao bloqueio compulsório dos cruzados) pode variar de uma maior inflação de equilíbrio a uma abertura de portas ao processo hiper-inflacionário. Na seção seguinte, desenvolve-se um exercício contra-factual, onde as medidas do Plano são confrontadas com uma alternativa bem menos interven cionista (e traumática) de combate à inflação. Este. exercício tem a sua construtividade assegurada na medida em que permite a identificação de alguns entraves à queda de inflação ainda não debelado pelas recentes medidas econômicas. Por último, a terceira seção sugere uma regra de política monetária a ser seguida numa situação na qual, tal como ocorre neste período inicial pôs-Plano, desconhecem-se as novas equações a governar a demanda por ativos financeiros. Mostra-se facilmente que 'tal regra implica na convergência para o pleno emprego com preços estáveis. E, ainda, que essa convergência independe de se suporem constantes, ou mesmo conhecidos, os valores das elasticidades renda e Juros da demanda por moeda.

Depósitos do Tesouro: no Banco Central ou nos bancos comerciais?

Este trabalho inicia-se explicitando o canal pelo qual a elevada liquidez e movimentação dos Depósitos do Tesouro no Banco Central implica num aumento das dificuldades operacionais do Banco Central no balizamento das variações de curto prazo das taxas de juros. Em seguida, discutem-se as alternativas ao problema, levantando-se algumas questões a serem objeto de outros estudos, relativas à transferência total ou parcial) da função de caixa de Tesouro do Banco Central para os bancos comerciais. Por ultimo algumas particularidades do caso brasileiro, que dificultam a aplicação dos mecanismos c1assicos de condução de política monetária, são discutidos na ultima seção. Em particular, destaca-se, na breve formalização efetuada, a importância da sensibilidade juros das reservas totais dos bancos comerciais na determinação das oscilações de curto prazo da taxa de juros. Quanto maior este coeficiente, menores as oscilações dos juros decorrentes das variações da oferta de liquidez primária.

The set of equilibria of first-price auctions

In this note I specify the class of functions that are equilibria of symmetric first-price auctions.

Impactos da Nova Lei de Pisos Salariais Estaduais

Em 2000, o governo federal fixou uma lei que permitia as Unidades Federativas fixarem pisos salariais acima do salário mínimo, representando uma oportunidade privilegiada de avaliação dos seus impactos. A nova lei oferece uma fonte de variabilidade potencialmente exógena além de isolar os efeitos de mudanças do salário mínimo sobre a demanda de trabalho dos impactos fiscais exercidos no contexto brasileiro. Inicialmente, testamos a efetividade da lei, utilizando logits multinomiais aplicados a PNAD/IBGE a fim de calcular a probabilidade de acumulação de massa de salários abaixo, igual e acima dos pisos estaduais. Posteriormente, aplicamos regressões quantílicas para diferenças de salários e de ocupação antes e depois da aplicação da lei comparando grupos de tratamento e controle através de dados longitudinais da PME/IBGE. Os resultados demonstram uma baixa efetividade e um alto descumprimento da lei nos estados aonde foi aplicada.

Equilibrium theory with asymmetric information and infinitely many states

Radner (1968) proved the existence of a competitive equilibrium for differential information economies with finitely many states. We extend this result to economies with infinitely many states of nature.