New evidence on trade liberalization and productivity growth

Although the subject of a large number of studies, the debate on the links between trade reform and productivity growth is still unresolved and most studies at the micro level have not been able to establish a relationship between the two phenomena. Brazil provides a natural experiment to study this issue that is seldom available: it was one of the closest economies in the world until 1988, when trade reform was launched, and intra-industry data are available on an annual basis before, during and after liberalization. Using a panel of industry sectors this paper tests and measures the impact of trade reform on productivity growth. Results confirm the association between the former and the latter and show that the magnitude of the impact of tariff reduction on the growth rates of TFP and output per worker was substantial. Our data reveal large and widespread productivity improvement, so that the estimations in this paper are an indication that liberalization had an important effect on industrial performance in the country. Cross-sectional differences in protection are also investigated.

Migração, seleção e diferenças regionais de renda no Brasil

Este trabalho tem como objetivo testar se os brasileiros que moram numa unidade federativa diferente da unidade em que nasceram – os migrantes – formam um grupo positivamente selecionado (isto é, um grupo que seja, em média, mais apto, motivado, empreendedor, agressivo, ambicioso do que outro grupo) da população brasileira. Utilizando a PNAD de 1999, mostramos que os migrantes ganham, em média, mais do que os não-migrantes, no Brasil, inclusive quando controlamos uma série de variáveis importantes na determinação da renda do trabalho. A partir desse resultado concluímos que, de fato, os migrantes, no Brasil, constituem um grupo positivamente selecionado. Como os migrantes saem das regiões mais pobres do país para as mais ricas, este fato pode estar agravando a desigualdade inter-regional de renda do país.

Imposto inflacionario e opções de financiamento do setor publico em um modelo de ciclos reais de negocios para o Brasil

O presente trabalho pretende calcular efeitos de bem estar associados a alterações na estrutura tributária brasileira que tenham como objetivo compensar a queda de receita relacionada à redução da segnioriage. A ideia é fixar a receita do governo a um nível que garanta o seu equilíbrio fiscal e analisar os custos de bem estar relacionados a alterações na estrutura tributária. A análise seguirá a tradição dos modelos de crescimento ótimo neoclássicos com restrição "cash-in-advance" e os efeitos das mudanças de políticas serão analisados utilizando técnicas de calibração e simulação desenvolvidos dentro da teoria de ciclos reais de negócios. Os resultados mostram que a fim de repor a queda na receita do governo com o fim do imposto inflacionário, políticas relacionadas ao aumento dos impostos sobre o consumo parecem as mais indicadas. Os ganhos, entretanto, são significativamente inferiores aos encontrados em trabalhos anteriores onde não há compensação para a queda de receita.

The evolution of international output differences (1960-2000): From factors to productivity

This article presents a group of exercises of level and growth decomposition of output per worker using cross-country data from 1960 to 2000. It is shown that at least until 1975 factors of production (capital and education) were the main source of output dispersion across economies and that productivity variance was considerably smaller than in late years. Only after this date the prominence of productivity started to show up in the data, as the majority of the literature has found. The growth decomposition exercises showed that the reversal of relative importance of productivity vis-a-vis factors is explained by the very good (bad) performance of productivity of fast (slow) growing economies. Although growth in the period, on average, is mostly due to factors accumulation, its variance is explained by productivity.

The long run economic impact of AIDS

This paper studies the long-run impact of HIV/AIDS on per capita income and education. We introduce a channel from HIV/AIDS to long-run income that has been overlooked by the literature, the reduction of the incentives to study due to shorter expected longevity. We work with a continuous time overlapping generations mo deI in which life cycle features of savings and education decision play key roles. The simulations predict that the most affected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa will be in the future, on average, a quarter poorer than they would be without AIDS, due only to the direct (human capital reduction) and indirect (decline in savings and investment) effects of life-expectancy reductions. Schooling will decline on average by half. These findings are well above previous results in the literature and indicate that, as pessimistic as they may be, at least in economic terms the worst could be yet to come.

Investimentos, fontes de financiamento e evolução do setor de infra-estrutura no Brasil: 1950-1996

O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise do setor de infra-estrutura brasileiro durante o período 1950-1996. Para isto foram levantadas séries de investimentos e medidas físicas para os setores elétrico, de telecomunicações, rodoviário, ferroviário, portuário e aeroportuário que até hoje estavam indisponíveis. Mostramos que no período 1950-79 observa-se um crescimento acelerado dos investimentos no setor, principalmente em energia elétrica e transportes. Na década de 80, com a deterioração financeira do Estado, um endividamento crescente e um processo de aceleração inflacionária, os investimentos das estatais foram drasticamente reduzidos. Para isto também contribuiu os desvinculamentos de impostos aprovados na constituição de 1988. Em alguns casos os investimentos caem para menos que um quinto da média dos anos setenta, o que acabou provocando aumento dos custos e deterioração da qualidade dos serviços

Monopoly power, trade protection and growth: cross industry evidence

This paper investigates the impact of monopoly power on trade policy. Annual panel-databases of Brazilian industries for the years 1988 through 1994 were used. The regressions reported here are robust to openness indicator, concentration index, control variables and sample size, and suggest that industries with higher monopoly power are more protected than competitive sectors. In the period of study the country experienced a major trade liberalization, but the results in the paper show that the reduction in protection was smaller in sectors with higher monopoly power. We thus have evidence favoring recent growth literature which stresses that interest groups with control over creasing productivity. The results here confirm the first part of this argument and show that organized groups in fact are able to obtain policy advantages that reduce competition.

Testing production functions used in empirical growth studies

We estimate and test two alternative functional forms representing the aggregate production function for a panel of countries: the extended neoclassical growth model, and a mincerian formulation of schooling-returns to skills. Estimation is performed using instrumentalvariable techniques, and both functional forms are confronted using a Box-Cox test, since human capital inputs enter in levels in the mincerian specification and in logs in the extended neoclassical growth model. Our evidence rejects the extended neoclassical growth model in favor of the mincerian specification, with an estimated capital share of about 42%, a marginal return to education of about 7.5% per year, and an estimated productivity growth of about 1.4% per year. Differences in productivity cannot be disregarded as an explanation of why output per worker varies so much across countries: a variance decomposition exercise shows that productivity alone explains 54% of the variation in output per worker across countries.

On the long run effects of barriers to trade

We study the macroeconomic effects of international trade policy by integrating a Hecksher-Ohlin trade model into an optimal-growth framework. The model predicts that a more open economy will have higher factor productivity. Furthermore, there is a "selective development trap," an additional steady state with low income, to which countries may or may not converge, depending on policy. Income at the development trap falls as trade barriers increase. Hence, cross-country differences in barriers to trade may help explain the dispersion of per-capita income observed across countries. The effects are quantified and we show that protectionism can explain a relevant fraction of TFP and long-run income differentials across countries.

Public versus private provision of infrastructure in a neoclassical growth model

This article studies the welfare and long run allocation impacts of privatization. There are two types of capital in this model economy, one private and the other initially public (“infrastructure”). A positive externality due to infrastructure capital is assumed, so that the government could improve upon decentralized allocations internalizing the externality, but public investmentis …nanced through distortionary taxation. It is shown that privatization is welfare-improving for a large set of economies and that after privatization under-investment is optimal. When operation inefficiency in the public sectoror subsidy to infrastructure accumulation are introduced, gains from privatization are higherand positive for most reasonable combinations of parameters.

Trade barriers and productivity growth: cross-industry evidence

This article investigates the impact of trade protection on the evolution of labor productivity and total factor productivity (TFP) of the Brazilian manufacturing sector. An annual panel-dataset of 16 industries for the years 1985 through 1997, a period that includes a major trade liberalization, was used. The regressions reported here are robust to openness indicator (nominal tari®s and e®ective protection rate were used), control variables and time period and suggest that barriers to trade negatively a®ects productivity growth at industry level: those sectors with lower barriers experienced higher growth. We were also able to link the observed increase of industry productivity growth after 1991 to the widespread reduction on exective protection experienced in the country in the nineties.

O Impacto da Infra-Estrutura Sobre o Crescimento da Produtividade do Setor Privado e do Produto Brasileiro

Rio de Janeiro

Inflationary financing of public investment and economic growth

a theoretical model is constructed in order to explain particular historical experiences in which inflation acceleration apparently helped to spur a period of economic growth. Government financed expenditures affect positively the productivity growth in this model so that the distortionary effect of inflation tax is compensated by the productive effect of public expenditures. We show that for some interval of money creation rates there is an equilibrium where money is valued and where steady state physical capital grows with inflation. It is also shown that zero inflation and growth maximization are never the optimal policies.

On the nature of income inequality across nations

In this paper, we investigate the nature of income inequality across nations. First, rather than functional forms or parameter values in calibration exercises that can potentially drives results, we estimate, test, and distinguish between types of aggregate production functions currently used in the growth literature. Next, given our panel-regression estimates, we perform several exercises, such as variance decompositions, simulations and counter-factual analyses. The picture that emerges is one where countries grew in the past for different reasons, which should be an important ingredient in policy design. Although there is not a single-factor explanation for the difference in output per-worker across nations, inequality, followed by distortions to capital accumulations and them by human capital accumulation.