Public debt sustainability and endogenous seigniorage in Brazil: time-series evidence from 1947-92: revised version

Using national accounts data for the revenue-GDP and expenditureGDP ratios from 1947 to 1992, we examine three central issues in public finance. First, was the path of public debt sustainable during this period? Second, if debt is sustainable, how has the government historically balanced the budget after shocks to either revenues or expenditures? Third, are expenditures exogenous? The results show that (i) public deficit is stationary (bounded asymptotic variance), with the budget in Brazil being balanced almost entirely through changes in taxes, regardless of the cause of the initial imbalance. Expenditures are weakly exogenous, but tax revenues are not; (ii) the behavior of a rational Brazilian consumer may be consistent with Ricardian Equivalence; (iii) seigniorage revenues are critical to restore intertemporal budget equilibrium, since, when we exclude them from total revenues, debt is not sustainable in econometric tests.

Imposto inflacionario e opções de financiamento do setor publico em um modelo de ciclos reais de negocios para o Brasil

O presente trabalho pretende calcular efeitos de bem estar associados a alterações na estrutura tributária brasileira que tenham como objetivo compensar a queda de receita relacionada à redução da segnioriage. A ideia é fixar a receita do governo a um nível que garanta o seu equilíbrio fiscal e analisar os custos de bem estar relacionados a alterações na estrutura tributária. A análise seguirá a tradição dos modelos de crescimento ótimo neoclássicos com restrição "cash-in-advance" e os efeitos das mudanças de políticas serão analisados utilizando técnicas de calibração e simulação desenvolvidos dentro da teoria de ciclos reais de negócios. Os resultados mostram que a fim de repor a queda na receita do governo com o fim do imposto inflacionário, políticas relacionadas ao aumento dos impostos sobre o consumo parecem as mais indicadas. Os ganhos, entretanto, são significativamente inferiores aos encontrados em trabalhos anteriores onde não há compensação para a queda de receita.

Estimating and forecasting the volatility of Brazilian finance series using arch models (Preliminary Version)

The goal of this paper is to present a comprehensive emprical analysis of the return and conditional variance of four Brazilian …nancial series using models of the ARCH class. Selected models are then compared regarding forecasting accuracy and goodness-of-…t statistics. To help understanding the empirical results, a self-contained theoretical discussion of ARCH models is also presented in such a way that it is useful for the applied researcher. Empirical results show that although all series share ARCH and are leptokurtic relative to the Normal, the return on the US$ has clearly regime switching and no asymmetry for the variance, the return on COCOA has no asymmetry, while the returns on the CBOND and TELEBRAS have clear signs of asymmetry favoring the leverage e¤ect. Regarding forecasting, the best model overall was the EGARCH(1; 1) in its Gaussian version. Regarding goodness-of-…t statistics, the SWARCH model did well, followed closely by the Student-t GARCH(1; 1)

The missing link: using the NBER recession indicator to construct coincident and leading indices economic activity

We use the information content in the decisions of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee to construct coincident and leading indices of economic activity for the United States. We identify the coincident index by assuming that the coincident variables have a common cycle with the unobserved state of the economy, and that the NBER business cycle dates signify the turning points in the unobserved state. This model allows us to estimate our coincident index as a linear combination of the coincident series. We compare the performance of our index with other currently popular coincident indices of economic activity.

Constructing coincident and leading indices of economic activity for the brazilian economy

This paper has three original contributions. The first is the reconstruction effort of the series of employment and income to allow the creation of a new coincident index for the Brazilian economic activity. The second is the construction of a coincident index of the economic activity for Brazil, and from it, (re) establish a chronology of recessions in the recent past of the Brazilian economy. The coincident index follows the methodology proposed by The Conference Board (TCB) and it covers the period 1980:1 to 2007:11. The third is the construction and evaluation of many leading indicators of economic activity for Brazil which fills an important gap in the Brazilian Business Cycles literature.

Ciclos políticos no Brasil

Esta tese pretende analisar a questão de ciclos políticos eleitorais em dois estudos, sendo o primeiro deles um teste empírico sobre a existência de ciclos políticos eleitorais nos municípios brasileiros e sua relação com a interação estratégica e o segundo faz uma investigação a respeito da existência de ciclos políticos eleitorais na taxa de câmbio, considerando não apenas o evento eleitoral, como também o início propaganda eleitoral gratuita nos meios de comunicação. O primeiro estudo busca testar a teoria de ciclos políticos eleitorais para os municípios brasileiros, levando em consideração as variáveis fiscais da microrregião, bem como sua contrapartida política. Em particular, este trabalho adiciona controles espaciais (fiscais e políticos) ao modelo tradicional de ciclos políticos eleitorais. O teste econométrico foi realizado para o período entre 1997 e 2008 usando a técnica de dados em painel com instrumentos, seguindo Lockwood e Migali (2009). Os resultados encontrados nas estimações sugerem que existe interação espacial para as despesas de saúde e educação (efeito marginal médio de R$ 1,42 per capita), mas não encontramos evidência de ciclo político por interações espaciais para estes gastos. Já para os gastos com investimentos, o ciclo político eleitoral é conduzido não por características intrínsecas do próprio município, mas sim pelo fato de que os gastos dos municípios localizados ao redor influenciam positivamente nos investimentos do município em questão (efeito marginal médio de R$ 1,23 per capita). No segundo estudo foi desenvolvido um teste empírico para tentar captar a relação dos momentos eleitorais (considerando as três últimas eleições presidenciais – 1998, 2002 e 2006) com a taxa de câmbio real no Brasil. O exercício estima a relação da taxa de câmbio com dummies de eleição e de propaganda eleitoral gratuita, através de modelos GARCH e EGARCH. Estima-se o efeito destas variáveis sobre a média da taxa de câmbio e a sua volatilidade, que pode ser aproximada como uma medida de risco. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que em 1998 o incumbente pode ter atuado não diretamente na apreciação cambial, mas sim na redução da volatilidade associada, diferentemente do que sugere a literatura associada a esta questão (como Lobo e Tufte (1998) e Leblang e Bernhard (2006)). Em 2006, para a variável de propaganda eleitoral, os resultados sugerem que a taxa de câmbio foi apreciada e também a sua volatilidade foi reduzida, quando da divulgação das pesquisas eleitorais, o que pode sugerir um indício de ciclo político eleitoral.

Forecasting multivariate time series under present-value-model short- and long-run co-movement restrictions

It is well known that cointegration between the level of two variables (e.g. prices and dividends) is a necessary condition to assess the empirical validity of a present-value model (PVM) linking them. The work on cointegration,namelyon long-run co-movements, has been so prevalent that it is often over-looked that another necessary condition for the PVM to hold is that the forecast error entailed by the model is orthogonal to the past. This amounts to investigate whether short-run co-movememts steming from common cyclical feature restrictions are also present in such a system. In this paper we test for the presence of such co-movement on long- and short-term interest rates and on price and dividend for the U.S. economy. We focuss on the potential improvement in forecasting accuracies when imposing those two types of restrictions coming from economic theory.

Forecasting Multivariate Time Series under Present-Value-Model Short- and Long-run Co-movement Restrictions

This paper has two original contributions. First, we show that the present value model (PVM hereafter), which has a wide application in macroeconomics and fi nance, entails common cyclical feature restrictions in the dynamics of the vector error-correction representation (Vahid and Engle, 1993); something that has been already investigated in that VECM context by Johansen and Swensen (1999, 2011) but has not been discussed before with this new emphasis. We also provide the present value reduced rank constraints to be tested within the log-linear model. Our second contribution relates to forecasting time series that are subject to those long and short-run reduced rank restrictions. The reason why appropriate common cyclical feature restrictions might improve forecasting is because it finds natural exclusion restrictions preventing the estimation of useless parameters, which would otherwise contribute to the increase of forecast variance with no expected reduction in bias. We applied the techniques discussed in this paper to data known to be subject to present value restrictions, i.e. the online series maintained and up-dated by Shiller. We focus on three different data sets. The fi rst includes the levels of interest rates with long and short maturities, the second includes the level of real price and dividend for the S&P composite index, and the third includes the logarithmic transformation of prices and dividends. Our exhaustive investigation of several different multivariate models reveals that better forecasts can be achieved when restrictions are applied to them. Moreover, imposing short-run restrictions produce forecast winners 70% of the time for target variables of PVMs and 63.33% of the time when all variables in the system are considered.

Forecasting multivariate time series under present-value-model short- and long-run co-movement restrictions

Using a sequence of nested multivariate models that are VAR-based, we discuss different layers of restrictions imposed by present-value models (PVM hereafter) on the VAR in levels for series that are subject to present-value restrictions. Our focus is novel - we are interested in the short-run restrictions entailed by PVMs (Vahid and Engle, 1993, 1997) and their implications for forecasting. Using a well-known database, kept by Robert Shiller, we implement a forecasting competition that imposes different layers of PVM restrictions. Our exhaustive investigation of several different multivariate models reveals that better forecasts can be achieved when restrictions are applied to the unrestricted VAR. Moreover, imposing short-run restrictions produces forecast winners 70% of the time for the target variables of PVMs and 63.33% of the time when all variables in the system are considered.

A critical value function approach, with an application to persistent time-series

Researchers often rely on the t-statistic to make inference on parameters in statistical models. It is common practice to obtain critical values by simulation techniques. This paper proposes a novel numerical method to obtain an approximately similar test. This test rejects the null hypothesis when the test statistic islarger than a critical value function (CVF) of the data. We illustrate this procedure when regressors are highly persistent, a case in which commonly-used simulation methods encounter dificulties controlling size uniformly. Our approach works satisfactorily, controls size, and yields a test which outperforms the two other known similar tests.