Política monetária em tempos de crise

O presente artigo busca investigar como choques externos, como sudden stops e choques nos termos de troca, afetaram a economia brasileira. Para tanto propomos um modelo teórico simples de cash-in-advance com fricções financeiras de forma que choques de liquidez causam mudaças na alocação dos fatores de produção e na produtividade da economia. Em seguida o modelo é estimado para a economia brasileira e as implicações para política monetária sãoo analisadas.

Impactos do IFRS nas atividades de hedge das empresas : evidências para o mercado brasileiro

O trabalho tem por objetivo analisar possíveis mudanças no uso e contabilização de derivativos em função da convergência das normas brasileiras de contabilidade para os padrões internacionais (IFRS – IAS 39). As pesquisas basearam-se em empresas brasileiras não financeiras, observando informações de suas notas explicativas e a volatilidade de contas de seus balanços: lucro líquido e fluxo de caixa. A despeito das hipóteses formuladas, os resultados encontrados mostraram que a alteração do padrão contábil não afetou o uso de derivativos e, também, não se encontrou quaisquer evidências de que tenha havido impacto na volatilidade do fluxo de caixa e lucro líquido das companhias. Por fim, observou-se se a metodologia opcional de contabilidade de hedge (hedge accounting) suavizava a volatilidade dos lucros da firma, confirmando uma das hipóteses desta pesquisa.

Financial constraints and house prices: an international perspective

In this paper, we show substantial empirical evidence that house prices are more sensitive to shocks to percapita income, in countries where housing finance is more developed. This result is consistent with the theoretical framework developed in the paper, where we study the impact ofprogressive relaxation of financiai constraints on housing demand and equilibrium house prices. Our results are consistent with recent literature on financiai constraints and business investment, which argues that the investment of less constrained firms can be more sensitive to changes in cash flow. More broadly, our results challenge the traditional view that financiai development leads to smaller fluctuations in key economic variables. The policy implications are c1ear and important. Even iffinancial development is desirable for other reasons, the potential associated increase in volatility should be an explicit policy concern.

Effects on school enrollment and performance of a conditional transfers program in Mexico

We study the effects of a conditional transfers program on school enrollment and performance in Mexico. We provide a theoretical framework for analyzing the dynamic educational decision and process inc1uding the endogeneity and uncertainty of performance (passing grades) and the effect of a conditional cash transfer program for children enrolled at school. Careful identification of the program impact on this model is studied. This framework is used to study the Mexican social program Progresa in which a randomized experiment has been implemented and allows us to identify the effect of the conditional cash transfer program on enrollment and performance at school. Using the mIes of the conditional program, we can explain the different incentive effects provided. We also derive the formal identifying assumptions needed to provide consistent estimates of the average treatment effects on enrollment and performance at school. We estimate empirically these effects and find that Progresa had always a positive impact on school continuation whereas for performance it had a positive impact at primary school but a negative one at secondary school, a possible consequence of disincentives due to the program termination after the third year of secondary school.

Job destruction and propagation of shocks

We develop and quantitatively implement a dynamic general equilibrium model with labor market matching and endogenous deterllÚnation of the job destruction rate. The mo deI produces a elose match with data on job creation and destruction. Cyelical fluctuations in the job destruction rate serve to magnify the effects of productivity shocks on output; as well as making the effects much more persistent. Interactions between the labor and capital markets, mediated by the rental rate of capital, play the central role in propagating shocks.

Capital flows and monetary control under a domestic currency substitution regime: the recent Brazilian experience

The 90s have witnessed a resumption in capital flows to Latin America. due to the conjugation of low interest rates in the US and economic reforms in most LA countries. In Brazil. however. substantial capital flows have becn induced by the extremely high domestic interest rates practiced by the Central Bank as a measure of last reson given the absence of successful stabilization policies. These very high interest rates were needed to prevent capital flight in a context of a surprisingly stable inflation rate above 20% a month. and keep interest bearing govemment securities preferable to foreign assets as money substitutes. We carefully describe how this domestic currency substitution regime (interest bearing govemment securities are substituted for MIas cash holdings) requires the Central Bank to renounce aoy control over monerary aggregates. In this domestic currency substitution regime. hyperinflation is the most likely outcome of an isolated (i.e.. without fiscal adjusanents) attempt by the Brazilian Central Bank to control money.

Welfare characterization of monetary-applied models and three implications

This paper demonstrates that the applied monetary mo deIs - the Sidrauski-type models and the cash-in-advance models, augmented with a banking sector that supplies money substitutes services - imply trajectories which are P8,reto-Optimum restricted to a given path of the real quantity of money. As a consequence, three results follow: First, Bailey's formula to evaluate the wclfare cost of inflation is indeed accurate, if the long-run capital stock does not depend on the inflation rate and if the compensate demand is considered. Second, the relevant money demand concept for this issue - the impact of inflation on welfare - is the monetary base, Third, if the long-run capital stock depends on the inflation rate, this dependence has a second-order impact ou wclfare, and, conceptually, it is not a distortion from tite social point of vicw. These three implications moderatc some evaluations of the wclfare cost of the perfect predicted inflation.

O efeito da diversificação na mineração

Neste trabalho, medimos os efeitos da diversificação sob o aspecto de risco e retorno entre os grandes players globais de mineração. Para avaliar a diversificação, primeiramente, foi criado um ranking que relaciona risco, grau de diversificação e retorno das empresas. Foi necessário montar um banco de dados com séries de receita e de proxies de geração de caixa por negócios, o qual não se encontra prontamente disponível na Bloomberg, Economática ou em outras bases de dados públicas. Estimamos os efeitos da diversificação fazendo o uso do CAPM para calcular o beta das empresas e das estatísticas básicas das séries históricas de retornos para encontrar o Índice de Sharpe. Examinamos os demonstrativos financeiros das empresas para entender com maior profundidade seus negócios para uma amostra equivalente a 50% do valor de mercado das top 100 empresas de mineração do mundo para o período entre 2002 e 2014. Por fim, abordamos, sob a forma de estudo de caso, questões relevantes na diversificação como a eficiência e a disciplina na alocação de capital. Nosso estudo confirmou que existe uma correlação negativa entre o risco e o grau de diversificação e que há sinais que sugerem que as companhias mais focadas possuem maior disciplina na alocação do capital, e, com isso geram mais valor para seus acionistas.

On the optimality of the Friedman Rule with heterogeneous agents and non-linear income taxation

We study the optimal “inflation tax” in an environment with heterogeneous agents and non-linear income taxes. We first derive the general conditions needed for the optimality of the Friedman rule in this setup. These general conditions are distinct in nature and more easily interpretable than those obtained in the literature with a representative agent and linear taxation. We then study two standard monetary specifications and derive their implications for the optimality of the Friedman rule. For the shopping-time model the Friedman rule is optimal with essentially no restrictions on preferences or transaction technologies. For the cash-credit model the Friedman rule is optimal if preferences are separable between the consumption goods and leisure, or if leisure shifts consumption towards the credit good. We also study a generalized model which nests both models as special cases.

The effects of government deficit on equilibrium real exchange rates and stock prices

This paper studies the effect of government deficits on equilibrium real exchange rates and stock prices. The theoretical part modifies a two-country cash-in-advance model like used in Lucas(1982) and Sargent(1987) in order to accommodate an exchange rate market and a government that pursues fiscal and monetary policy targets. The implied result is that unanticipated shocks in government deficits raise expectations of both taxes and inflation and, therefore, are associated with real exchange rate devaluations and lower stock prices. This finding is strongly supported by empirical evidence for a group of 19 countries, representing 76% of world production

Linkages between pro-poor growth, social programmes and labour market : the recent Brazilian experience

From a methodological point of view, this paper makes two contlibutions to the literature. One contribution is the proposal of a new measure of pro-poor growth. This new measure provides the linkage between growth rates in mean income and in income inequality. In this context, growth is defined as pro-poor (or anti-poor) if there is a gain (or loss) in the growth rate due to a decrease (or increase) in inequality. The other contribution is a decomposition methodology that explores linkages between three dimensions: growth pattems, labour market performances. and social policies. Through the decomposition analysis, growth in per capita income is explained in terms of four labour market components: the employment rate. hours of work, the labour force participation rate. and productivity. We also assess the contribution of different nonlabour income sources to growth patterns. The proposed methodologies are then applied to the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) covering the period 1995-2004. The paper analyzes the evolution of Brazilian social indicators based on per capita income exploring links with adverse labour market performance and social policy change, with particular emphasis on the expansion of targeted cash transfers and devising more propoor social security benefits.

Public debt management, monetary policy and financial institutions

Despite the large size of the Brazilian debt market, as well the large diversity of its bonds, the picture that emerges is of a market that has not yet completed its transition from the role it performed during the megainflation years, namely that of providing a liquid asset that provided positive real returns. This unfinished transition is currently placing the market under severe stress, as fears of a possible default from the next administration grow larger. This paper analyzes several aspects pertaining to the management of the domestic public debt. The causes for the extremely large and fast growth ofthe domestic public debt during the seven-year period that President Cardoso are discussed in Section 2. Section 3 computes Value at Risk and Cash Flow at Risk measures for the domestic public debt. The rollover risk is introduced in a mean-variance framework in Section 4. Section 5 discusses a few issues pertaining to the overlap between debt management and monetary policy. Finally, Section 6 wraps up with policy discussion and policy recommendations.

Determinantes do prazo de exercício das opções de ações concedidas aos executivos como remuneração

Diante do aumento expressivo da outorga de opções de ações por parte das companhias como forma de remuneração e dos consequentes excessos, como por exemplo, executivos tendo exercido bônus milionários antes que suas companhias gerassem caixa ou mesmo em empresas que foram à falência, esta pesquisa buscou encontrar quais eram os principais determinantes do prazo de exercício das opções de compra. Por meio de uma regressão cross section, foram analisadas as características de 109 empresas listadas nos melhores níveis de governança e/ou nos maiores índices de ações do Brasil a fim de verificar quais delas influenciavam o prazo supramencionado. Os resultados encontrados não se mostraram estatisticamente relevantes, o que quer dizer que para efeito deste estudo os prazos definidos pelas empresas não guardam relação com àquelas variáveis e, portanto, com suas características intrínsecas. Logo, novas pesquisas devem abordar a definição de prazo junto aos consultores de remuneração e membros de Conselho de Administração.

Hedge accounting com derivativos exóticos e tributação

Esta pesquisa analisou a aplicação da metodologia de hedge accounting na contabilização de derivativos financeiros em conjunto com a operação objeto de proteção. Foi demonstrado o cálculo do valor justo por marcação a mercado, o teste de efetividade do hedge, a documentação e classificação contábil nos modelos de hedge de valor justo e hedge de fluxo de caixa. Foi verificado ainda o impacto da tributação na efetividade da operação de hedge.

Assessing the performance of private equity investments

This study presents an alternative investment projection model to estimate the future values of Private Equity (PE) investments. The performance of PE investments is assessed by analyzing the risk-return relationship relative to simulated Public Market (PM) investments that mimic the cash flow patterns of PE investments. The model allows for a quantified analysis of the underlying inputs that outline the PE performance and risks, and accounts for survivorship bias. These inputs include the fund manager’s decisions regarding the selection, leverage, size, duration and timing of investment and divestments.