Signalling and arbitrage

Given a competitive signalling game, we study a transformed game which includes the natural enrichment of contractual opportunities in a market. We show that subgame perfect equilibrium outcomes in the new game which satisfy certa in competitive hypotheses induce sequential equilibrium outcomes in the original game which satisfy the Cho-Kreps extended intuitive criterion. Arbitrage opportunities in the transformed game achieve results similar to refinements of sequential equilibria in the original game.

The Bayesian Foundations of solution concepts of games

We transform a non co-operati ve game into a -Bayesian decision problem for each player where the uncertainty faced by a player is the strategy choices of the other players, the pr iors of other players on the choice of other players, the priors over priors and so on.We provide a complete characterization between the extent of knowledge about the rationality of players and their ability to successfulIy eliminate strategies which are not best responses. This paper therefore provides the informational foundations of iteratively unàominated strategies and rationalizable strategic behavior (Bernheim (1984) and Pearce (1984». Moreover, sufficient condi tions are also found for Nash equilibrium behavior. We also provide Aumann's (1985) results on correlated equilibria .

A comment on "Rational learning lead to nash equilibrium" by professors Ehud Kalai and Ehud Lehrer

Kalai and Lebrer (93a, b) have recently show that for the case of infinitely repeated games, a coordination assumption on beliefs and optimal strategies ensures convergence to Nash equilibrium. In this paper, we show that for the case of repeated games with long (but finite) horizon, their condition does not imply approximate Nash equilibrium play. Recently Kalai and Lehrer (93a, b) proved that a coordination assumption on beliefs and optimal strategies, ensures that pIayers of an infinitely repeated game eventually pIay 'E-close" to an E-Nash equilibrium. Their coordination assumption requires that if players believes that certain set of outcomes have positive probability then it must be the case that this set of outcomes have, in fact, positive probability. This coordination assumption is called absolute continuity. For the case of finitely repeated games, the absolute continuity assumption is a quite innocuous assumption that just ensures that pIayers' can revise their priors by Bayes' Law. However, for the case of infinitely repeated games, the absolute continuity assumption is a stronger requirement because it also refers to events that can never be observed in finite time.

Três ensaios em teoria das decisões financeiras: a racionalidade nos mercados, a carteira de ações da corretora e o preço da ORTN cambial

O trabalho é composto de três artigos. No primeiro deles, apresentamos um modelo de negociação no mercado de ações, devido a Kyle (1985), onde as informações dos diversos agentes são assimétricas. Demonstramos que existe uma solução de equilíbrio de expectativas racionais com transação entre os investidores. As vantagens e desvantagens da corretora ter em sua carteira ações, é o assunto do segundo artigo. Baseamos nossas conclusões em um modelo geral de negociação no mercado de capitais, onde coexistem corretoras, investidores com informações privilegiadas, aplicadores desinformados e técnicos de mercado. Finalmente, no terceiro artigo, deduzimos a relação de arbitragem entre a ORTN cambial e a ORTN monetária. Apresentamos os preços de negociação destes papéis em alguns leilões promovidos pelo Banco Central do Brasil.

On the Impossibility of an Exact Imperfect Monitoring Folk Theorem

It is shown that, for almost every two-player game with imperfect monitoring, the conclusions of the classical folk theorem are false. So, even though these games admit a well-known approximate folk theorem, an exact folk theorem may only be obtained for a measure zero set of games. A complete characterization of the efficient equilibria of almost every such game is also given, along with an inefficiency result on the imperfect monitoring prisoner s dilemma.

Um experimento para o modelo do holdout do vendedor

Essa dissertação apresenta uma análise experimental do modelo de holdout apresentado em Menezes e Pitchford (2004), no qual o aumento na complementeri- dade entre os bens dos vendedores implica maior probabilidade de ocorrência de holdout, ou atraso do vendedor, na negociação entre os vendedores e um com- prador. O comportamento observado no laboratório corrobora essa previsão do modelo teórico. Observou-se, ainda, que os jogadores com maiores ganhos no ex- perimento atrasaram menos a entrada na negociação.

On the limits of cheap talk for public good provision

This article studies a model where, as a consequence of private information, agents do not have incentive to invest in a desired joint project, or a public good, when they are unable to have prior discussion with their partners. As a result, the joint project is never undertaken and inefficiency is observed. Agastya, Menezes and Sengupta (2007) prove that with a prior stage of communication, with a binary message space, it is possible to have some efficiency gain since "all ex-ante and interim efficient equilibria exhibit a simple structure". We show that any finite message space does not provide efficiency gain on the simple structure discussed in that article. We use laboratory experiments to test these results. We find that people do contribute, even without communication, and that any kind of communication increases the probability of project implementation. We also observed that communication reduces the unproductive contribution, and that a large message space cannot provide efficiency gain relative to the binary one.