Equilibria in security markets with a continuum of agents

We prove the existence of a competitive equilibrium for exchange economies with a measure space of agents and for which the commodity space is ` p, 1 < p < +∞. A vector x = (xn) in ` p may be interpreted as a security which promises to deliver xn units of numeraire at state (or date) n. Under assumptions imposing uniform bounds on marginal rates of substitution, positive results on core-Walras equivalence were established in Rustichini–Yannelis [21] and Podczeck [20]. In this paper we prove that under similar assumptions on marginal rates of substitution, the set of competitive equilibria (and thus the core) is non-empty.

Moeda indexada

Este texto se divide em duas partes. Na primeira, estuda-se empiricamente a queda na demanda por moeda ocorrida entre 1979 e 1983, salientando-se o papel desempenhado neste processo pelo surgimento de inovações financeiras e aumento de liquidez de ativos (ditos) não monetários. Neste ponto destaca-se a relativa ineficácia de um combate a inflação,baseado exclusivamente no controle da expansão de M1 . Em seguida, desenvolve-se um modelo que tenta captar os efeitos sobre a inflação o nível de atividade econômica, decorrentes da utilização, por parte dos agentes econômicos, de ativos indexados como reserva de liquidez alternativa a M1 . Conclui-se que o aumento de liquidez de ativos considerados não monetários protege o produto dos choques de oferta, conferindo-lhe uma maior estabilidade a ser paga pela exposição da inflação aos choques de oferta e demanda.

Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) e variáveis macroeconômicas: um estudo empírico sobre o mercado acionário brasileiro

Este trabalho utiliza retornos mensais de 10 portfólios de ações negociadas na Bovespa entre 1987 e 1997, a fim de testar a validade empírica do modelo APT. Foram criadas variáveis macroeconômicas como fatores de variância comum aos diversos portfólios. Além destes fatores serem estatisticamente significantes para explicar a relação entre os retornos dos diversos portfólios de uma maneira geral, foram encontradas evidências no sentido de validar o APT.

Estimating the term structure of volatility and fixed income derivative pricing

Estimating the parameters of the instantaneous spot interest rate process is of crucial importance for pricing fixed income derivative securities. This paper presents an estimation for the parameters of the Gaussian interest rate model for pricing fixed income derivatives based on the term structure of volatility. We estimate the term structure of volatility for US treasury rates for the period 1983 - 1995, based on a history of yield curves. We estimate both conditional and first differences term structures of volatility and subsequently estimate the implied parameters of the Gaussian model with non-linear least squares estimation. Results for bond options illustrate the effects of differing parameters in pricing.

Contract enforcement and incentive compatibility in large economies with differential information: the role of exact feasibility

We consider exchange economies with a continuum of agents and differential information about finitely many states of nature. It was proved in Einy, Moreno and Shitovitz (2001) that if we allow for free disposal in the market clearing (feasibility) constraints then an irreducible economy has a competitive (or Walrasian expectations) equilibrium, and moreover, the set of competitive equilibrium allocations coincides with the private core. However when feasibility is defined with free disposal, competitive equilibrium allocations may not be incentive compatible and contracts may not be enforceable (see e.g. Glycopantis, Muir and Yannelis (2002)). This is the main motivation for considering equilibrium solutions with exact feasibility. We first prove that the results in Einy et al. (2001) are still valid without free-disposal. Then we define an incentive compatibility property motivated by the issue of contracts’ execution and we prove that every Pareto optimal exact feasible allocation is incentive compatible, implying that contracts of a competitive or core allocations are enforceable.

Crescimento econômico, rendimentos crescentes e concorrência monopolista

Este artigo se propõe a investigar em detalhes as fragilidades dos modelos neoclássicos tradicionais de crescimento e sua superação pela nova literatura teórica de crescimento endógeno. Mais do que uma simples survey, estudaremos a necessidade, para a existência de equilíbrio , de hipóteses teóricas nos modelos tradicionais que implicam em resultados empíricos contra-factuais. Veremos como essas hipóteses foram sendo relaxadas, até que se passa a trabalhar, dentro ainda do arcabouço teórico de equilíbrio geral com expectativas racionais, com modelos com retornos crescentes e concorrência monopolista de inspiração Schumpeteriana.

Testing the hypothesis of contagion using multivariate volatility models

The aim of this paper is to test whether or not there was evidence of contagion across the various financial crises that assailed some countries in the 1990s. Data on sovereign debt bonds for Brazil, Mexico, Russia and Argentina were used to implement the test. The contagion hypothesis is tested using multivariate volatility models. If there is any evidence of structural break in volatility that can be linked to financial crises, the contagion hypothesis will be confirmed. Results suggest that there is evidence in favor of the contagion hypothesis.

Predictability of equity models

In this study, we verify the existence of predictability in the Brazilian equity market. Unlike other studies in the same sense, which evaluate original series for each stock, we evaluate synthetic series created on the basis of linear models of stocks. Following Burgess (1999), we use the “stepwise regression” model for the formation of models of each stock. We then use the variance ratio profile together with a Monte Carlo simulation for the selection of models with potential predictability. Unlike Burgess (1999), we carry out White’s Reality Check (2000) in order to verify the existence of positive returns for the period outside the sample. We use the strategies proposed by Sullivan, Timmermann & White (1999) and Hsu & Kuan (2005) amounting to 26,410 simulated strategies. Finally, using the bootstrap methodology, with 1,000 simulations, we find strong evidence of predictability in the models, including transaction costs.