The missing link: using the NBER recession indicator to construct coincident and leading indices economic activity

We use the information content in the decisions of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee to construct coincident and leading indices of economic activity for the United States. We identify the coincident index by assuming that the coincident variables have a common cycle with the unobserved state of the economy, and that the NBER business cycle dates signify the turning points in the unobserved state. This model allows us to estimate our coincident index as a linear combination of the coincident series. We establish that our index performs better than other currently popular coincident indices of economic activity.

A general lagrangian approach for non-concave moral hazard problems

We establish a general Lagrangian for the moral hazard problem which generalizes the well known first order approach (FOA). It requires that besides the multiplier of the first order condition, there exist multipliers for the second order condition and for the binding actions of the incentive compatibility constraint. Some examples show that our approach can be useful to treat the finite and infinite state space cases. One of the examples is solved by the second order approach. We also compare our Lagrangian with 1\1irrlees'.

A general lagrangian approach for non-concave moral hazard problems

We establish a general Lagrangian for the moral hazard problem which generalizes the well known first order approach (FOA). It requires that besides the multiplier of the first order condition, there exist multipliers for the second order condition and for the binding actions of the incentive compatibility constraint. Some examples show that our approach can be useful to treat the finite and infinite state space cases. One of the examples is solved by the second order approach. We also compare our Lagrangian with 1\1irrlees'.

The missing link: using the NBER recession indicator to construct coincident and leading indices economic activity

We use the information content in the decisions of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee to construct coincident and leading indices of economic activity for the United States. We identify the coincident index by assuming that the coincident variables have a common cycle with the unobserved state of the economy, and that the NBER business cycle dates signify the turning points in the unobserved state. This model allows us to estimate our coincident index as a linear combination of the coincident series. We compare the performance of our index with other currently popular coincident indices of economic activity.

A taxa natural de juros no Brasil

Neste artigo, foi estimada a taxa natural de juros para a economia brasileira entre o final de 2001 e segundo trimestre de 2010 com base em dois modelos, sendo o primeiro deles o proposto por Laubach e Williams e o segundo proposto por Mesónnier e Renne, que trata de uma versão alterada do primeiro, que segundo os autores perimite uma estimação mais transparente e robusta. Em ambos os modelos, a taxa natural de juros é estimada em conjunto com o produto potencial, através de filtro de Kalman, no formato de um modelo Espaço de Estado. As estimativas provenientes dos dois modelos não apresentam diferenças relevantes, o que gera maior confiabilidade nos resultados obtidos. Para o período de maior interesse deste estudo (pós-2005), dada a existência de outras análises para período anterior, as estimativas mostram que a taxa natural de juros está em queda na economia brasileira desde 2006. A mensuração da taxa natural de juros, adicionalmente, possibilitou que fosse feita uma avaliação sobre a condução da política monetária implementada pelo Banco Central brasileiro nos últimos anos através do conceito de hiato de juros. Em linhas gerais, a análise mostrou um Banco Central mais conservador entre o final de 2001 e 2005, e mais próximo da neutralidade desde então. Esta conclusão difere da apontada por outros estudos, especialmente para o primeiro período.

Exogenous expectations on endogenous uncertainty: recursive equilibrium and survival

This paper analyses general equilibrium models with finite heterogeneous agents having exogenous expectations on endogenous uncertainty. It is shown that there exists a recursive equilibrium with the state space consisting of the past aggregate portfolio distribution and the current state of the nature and that it implements the sequential equilibrium. We establish conditions under which the recursive equilibrium is continuous. Moreover, we use the continuous recursive relation of the aggregate variables to prove that if the economy has two types of agents, the one who commits persistent mistakes on the expectation rules of the future endogenous variables is driven out of the market by the others with correct anticipations of the variables, that is, the rational expectations agents.

10 anos de MINUSTAH: uma avaliação de suas consequências políticas para o Brasil

A literatura Operações de Paz é farta de exemplos de análise de desempenho de uma operação. Essas análises observam o cumprimento do mandato, ou os efeitos no Estado hospedeiro. Mas poucos estudos, tratam das consequências dessa participação para os Estados que enviam tropas. Tentando ajudar a preencher essa lacuna, esta dissertação pretende entender se a participação e o protagonismo brasileiro na Missão das Nações Unidas para a Estabilização do Haiti - MINUSTAH ajudaram o Brasil a alcançar seus objetivos. Utilizando uma abordagem mista, foram analisados dados de contribuição de tropas, orçamentos, documentos oficiais e, por fim, foram realizadas 08 entrevistas com militares e especialistas civis. Com base no modelo de objetivos estatais aplicado, se estudou se a presença no Haiti permitiu ao Brasil sinalizar seus objetivos para a comunidade internacional, reformar suas instituições, as militares entre elas, e se havia necessidades orçamentárias para contribuir para a missão. As evidências analisadas levam a crer que o saldo da missão é misto. Embora alguns aspectos demonstrem definitivas melhorias, outros são irrelevantes ou sofrem com a manutenção da cultura militar antiquada.

Optimal monetary policy under administered prices

This work aims to analyze the interaction and the effects of administered prices in the economy, through a DSGE model and the derivation of optimal monetary policies. The model used is a standard New Keynesian DSGE model of a closed economy with two sectors companies. In the first sector, free prices, there is a continuum of firms, and in the second sector of administered prices, there is a single firm. In addition, the model has positive trend inflation in the steady state. The model results suggest that price movements in any sector will impact on both sectors, for two reasons. Firstly, the price dispersion causes productivity to be lower. As the dispersion of prices is a change in the relative price of any sector, relative to general prices in the economy, when a movement in the price of a sector is not followed by another, their relative weights will change, leading to an impact on productivity in both sectors. Second, the path followed by the administered price sector is considered in future inflation expectations, which is used by companies in the free sector to adjust its optimal price. When this path leads to an expectation of higher inflation, the free sector companies will choose a higher mark-up to accommodate this expectation, thus leading to higher inflation trend when there is imperfect competition in the free sector. Finally, the analysis of optimal policies proved inconclusive, certainly indicating that there is influence of the adjustment model of administered prices in the definition of optimal monetary policy, but a quantitative study is needed to define the degree of impact.

Brazilian international and inter-state trade flows: an exploratory analysis using the gravity model

Recent efforts toward a world with freer trade, like WTO/GATT or regional Preferential Trade Agreements(PTAs), were put in doubt after McCallum's(1995) finding of a large border effect between US and Canadian provinces. Since then, there has been a great amount of research on this topic employing the gravity equation. This dissertation has two goals. The first goal is to review comprehensively the recent literature about the gravity equation, including its usages, econometric specifications, and the efforts to provide it with microeconomic foundations. The second goal is the estimation of the Brazilian border effect (or 'home-bias trade puzzle') using inter-state and international trade flow data. It is used a pooled cross-section Tobit model. The lowest border effect estimated was 15, which implies that Brazilian states trade among themselves 15 times more than they trade with foreign countries. Further research using industry disaggregated data is needed to qualify the estimated border effect with respect to which part of that effect can be attributed to actual trade costs and which part is the outcome of the endogenous location problem of the firm.