Bounds on policy relevant parameters with discrete policy variation

When estimating policy parameters, also known as treatment effects, the assignment to treatment mechanism almost always causes endogeneity and thus bias many of these policy parameters estimates. Additionally, heterogeneity in program impacts is more likely to be the norm than the exception for most social programs. In situations where these issues are present, the Marginal Treatment Effect (MTE) parameter estimation makes use of an instrument to avoid assignment bias and simultaneously to account for heterogeneous effects throughout individuals. Although this parameter is point identified in the literature, the assumptions required for identification may be strong. Given that, we use weaker assumptions in order to partially identify the MTE, i.e. to stablish a methodology for MTE bounds estimation, implementing it computationally and showing results from Monte Carlo simulations. The partial identification we perfom requires the MTE to be a monotone function over the propensity score, which is a reasonable assumption on several economics' examples, and the simulation results shows it is possible to get informative even in restricted cases where point identification is lost. Additionally, in situations where estimated bounds are not informative and the traditional point identification is lost, we suggest a more generic method to point estimate MTE using the Moore-Penrose Pseudo-Invese Matrix, achieving better results than traditional methods.

Modelos de ciclos reais de negócios aplicados à economia brasileira: um estudo de matching

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Hope, risk perception and propensity to indebtedness

Hope is an important construct in marketing, once it is an antecedent of important marketing variables, such as trust, expectation and satisfaction (MacInnis & de Mello, 2005, Almeida, Mazzon & Botelho, 2007). Specifically, the literature suggests that hope can play an important influence on risk perception (Almeida, 2010, Almeida et al., 2007, Fleming, 2008, MacInnis & de Mello, 2005) and propensity to indebtedness (Fleming, 2008). Thus, this thesis aims to investigate the relations among hope, risk perception related to purchasing and consumption and propensity to indebtedness, by reviewing the existing literature and conducting two empirical researches. The first of them is a laboratory experiment, which accessed hope and risk perception of getting a mortgage loan. The second is a survey, investigating university students’ propensity to get indebted to pay for their university tuition, analyzed through the method of Structural Equations Modeling (SEM). These studies found that hope seems to play an important role on propensity to indebtedness, as higher levels of hope predicted an increase in the propensity to accept the mortgage loan, independent of actual risks, and an increase in the propensity of college students to get indebted to pay for their studies. In addition, the first study suggests that hope may lead to a decrease in risk perception, which, however, has not been confirmed by the second study. Finally, this research offers some methodological contributions, due to the fact that it is the first study using an experimental method to study hope in Brazil and, worldwide, it is the first study investigating the relation among hope, risk perception and propensity to indebtedness, which proved to be important influences in consumer behavior

Test score disclosure and school performance

In this paper we test whether the disclosure of test scores has direct impacts on student performance, school composition and school inputs. We take advantage of the discontinuity on the disclosure rules of The National Secondary Education Examination (ENEM) run in Brazil by the Ministry of Education: In 2006 it was established that the 2005 mean score results would be disclosed for schools with ten or more students who took the exam in the previous year. We use a regression discontinuity design to estimate the e ects of test disclosure. Our results indicate that private schools that had their average scores released in 2005 outperformed those that did not by 0.2-0.6 in 2007. We did not nd same results for public schools. Moreover, we did not nd evidence that treated schools adjusted their inputs or that there was major changes in the students composition of treated schools. These ndings allow us to interpret that the main mechanism driving the di erences in performance was the increased levels of students', teachers' and principals' e ort exerted by those in schools that had scores publicized.

Investidor e investido : o processo decisório no matching entre venture capitals e start-ups no Brasil

O acesso ao capital por empreendedores em start-ups está tradicionalmente fundamentado na indústria de Venture Capital (VC). Nos países emergentes, incluindo o Brasil, foi somente na última década que essa indústria passou a ter uma importância relativa maior às outras fontes de capital disponíveis. Ocorreu que a indústria passou a contar com a migração de fundos estrangeiros tradicionais atraídos pelo potencial de crescimento, pelas oportunidades de novos negócios e incentivos governamentais nesses países. Dessa forma, pode-se considerar que o desenvolvimento da indústria de VC é algo relativamente embrionário no Brasil. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal identificar quais foram os fatores determinantes para que os investidores (Venture Capital) e os investidos (start-up) decidissem por desenvolver uma sociedade em determinado negócio, sob o contexto institucional brasileiro. A pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada pela abordagem exploratória, a partir de entrevistas em profundidade (quatorze, no total) com investidores e investidos brasileiros que já haviam realizado uma sociedade há até dois anos. As entrevistas totalizaram nove matchings, ou pares de investidores e investidos num negócio. Os resultados oriundos dessas entrevistas demonstraram padrões e processos muito similares aos estudados nos países em que essa indústria é considerada desenvolvida. Os dados demonstram, porém, que no Brasil, como em outros países emergentes, a questão do relacionamento entre investidor e investido representa o principal fator para a realização de um negócio entre as partes. Além disso, indica que o relacionamento interpessoal representa um peso maior quando comparado aos outros fatores identificados na pesquisa.

A bidimensional model of matching in the marriage market with women labor decision

We construct a frictionless matching model of the marriage market where women have bidimensional attributes, one continuous (income) and the other dichotomous (home ability). Equilibrium in the marriage market determines intrahousehold allocation of resources and female labor participation. Our model is able to predict partial non-assortative matching, with rich men marrying women with low income but high home ability. We then perform numerical exercises to evaluate the impacts of income taxes in individual welfare and find that there is considerable divergence in the female labor participation response to taxes between the short run and the long run.