Uma análise de políticas fiscais: modelo DSGE novo-keynesiano com armadilha da liquidez

Neste artigo, é analisado, por meio de um modelo DSGE novo-keynesiano, o efeito da redução do imposto sobre o consumo, tal como os impactos das elevações da tarifa incidente sobre a renda do trabalho e dos gastos do governo, sobre o produto e o déficit público em uma economia com armadilha da liquidez. Ao permitir que a duração da armadilha da liquidez seja determinada endogenamente é possível concluir que os efeitos marginais dependem da magnitude do choque dado e de quais instrumentos de política fiscal estão sendo usados. Desta forma, para avaliar o impacto desses instrumentos torna-se necessário observar os seus efeitos médios. Com base nessa medida e na economia em questão, uma política fiscal pode apresentar os maiores efeitos marginais para cada duração da armadilha da liquidez, mas não necessariamente será aquela que causará os maiores impactos sobre o produto e o déficit público.

Em compasso de espera (Maio 2014)

O último mês trouxe poucas novidades sobre o desempenho e, consequentemente, sobre as perspectivas da economia brasileira para o curto prazo. Com isso, nosso cenário básico continua apresentando perspectivas mornas, com alterações marginais em relação às projeções que apresentamos no Boletim de abril. Resumidamente, estas indicam para o ano um PIB de 1,8% e uma inflação um pouco acima do teto da meta.

Os efeitos macroeconômicos das transferências sociais: uma abordagem de matriz de contabilidade social

Government transfers to individuals and families play a central role in the Brazilian social protection system, accounting for almost 14 per cent of GDP in 2009. While their fiscal and redistributive impacts have been widely studied, the macroeconomic effects of transfers are harder to ascertain. We constructed a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for 2009 and estimated short-term multipliers for seven different government monetary transfers . The SAM is a double-entry square matrix depicting all income flows in the economy. The data were compiled from the 2009 Brazilian National Accounts and the 2008/2009 POF, a household budget survey. Our SAM was disaggregated into 56 sectors, 110 commodities, 200 household groups and seven factors of production (capital plus six types of labor, according to schooling). Finally, we ran a set of regressions to separate household consumption into ‘autonomous’ (or ‘exogenous’) and ‘endogenous’ components. More specifically, we are interested in the effects of an exogenous injection into each of the seven government transfers outlined above. All the other accounts are thus endogenous. The so-called demand ‘leaks’ are income flows from the endogenous to exogenous accounts. Leaks—such as savings, taxes and imports—are crucial to determine the multiplier effect of an exogenous injection, as they allow the system to go back to equilibrium. The model assumes that supply is perfectly elastic to demand shocks. It assumes that the families’ propensity to save and consumption profile are fixed—that is, rising incomes do not provoke changes in behaviour. The multiplier effects of the on GDP corresponds to the growth in GDP resulting from each additional dollar injected into each transfer seven government transfers. If the government increased Bolsa Família expenditures by 1 per cent of GDP, overall economic activity would grow by 1.78 per cent, the highest effect. The Continuous Cash Benefit, comes second. Only three transfers— the private-sector and public servants’ pensions and FGTS withdrawals—had multipliers lower than unity. The multipliers for other relevant macroeconomic aggregates—household and total consumption, disposable income etc. —reveal a similar pattern. Thus, under the stringent assumptions of our model, we cannot reject the hypothesis that government transfers targeting poor households, such as the Bolsa Família, help foster economic expansion. Naturally, it should be stressed that the multipliers relate marginal injections into government transfers to short-term economic performance either real growth, or inflation if there is no idle capacity which is also useful to analyze. In the long term, there is no doubt that what truly matters is the growth of the country’s productive capacity.