A equação de Euler e a IS: estimações para o Brasil

Neste artigo estudamos a relação entre a taxa de juros e o hiato do produto no Brasil através da estimação de modelos Novo-Keynesianos. Para tanto, estimamos os modelos por três métodos: (1) método generalizados dos momentos, (2) máxima verossimilhança utilizando dados de expectativa divulgados pelo Banco Central do Brasil e (3) máxima verossimilhança utilizando variáveis de expectativa estimadas por um modelo VAR. As conclusões são altamente dependentes do método de estimação. Ao utilizar (1), os resultados indicam uma relação espúria entre a taxa de juros real e o hiato. Entretanto, as conclusões originadas de (2) indicam que somente o hiato defasado seria uma variável relevante para a nossa especificação. Ao estimar o modelo por (3), as estimativas corroboram os resultados obtidos com o método generalizados dos momentos.

A contractive method for computing the stationary solution of the euler equation

A contractive method for computing stationary solutions of intertemporal equilibrium models is provide. The method is is implemented using a contraction mapping derived from the first-order conditions. The deterministic dynamic programming problem is used to illustrate the method. Some numerical examples are performed.

A search-theoretic explanation for the negative correlation between labor income and impatience

Lawrance (1991) has shown, through the estimation of consumption Euler equations, that subjective rates of impatience (time preference) in the U.S. are three to Öve percentage points higher for households with lower average labor incomes than for those with higher labor income. From a theoretical perspective, the sign of this correlation in a job-search model seems at Örst to be undetermined, since more impatient workers tend to accept wage o§ers that less impatient workers would not, thereby remaining less time unemployed. The main result of this paper is showing that, regardless of the existence of e§ects of opposite sign, and independently of the particular speciÖcations of the givens of the model, less impatient workers always end up, in the long run, with a higher average income. The result is based on the (unique) invariant Markov distribution of wages associated with the dynamic optimization problem solved by the consumers. An example is provided to illustrate the method.

On the statistical estimation of diffusion processes: a survey

Data available on continuos-time diffusions are always sampled discretely in time. In most cases, the likelihood function of the observations is not directly computable. This survey covers a sample of the statistical methods that have been developed to solve this problem. We concentrate on some recent contributions to the literature based on three di§erent approaches to the problem: an improvement of the Euler-Maruyama discretization scheme, the use of Martingale Estimating Functions and the application of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM).

On the statistical estimation of diffusion processes - a partial survey

Data available on continuous-time diffusions are always sampled discretely in time. In most cases, the likelihood function of the observations is not directly computable. This survey covers a sample of the statistical methods that have been developed to solve this problem. We concentrate on some recent contributions to the literature based on three di§erent approaches to the problem: an improvement of the Euler-Maruyama discretization scheme, the employment of Martingale Estimating Functions, and the application of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM).

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

In this paper we revisit the relationship between the equity and the forward premium puzzles. We construct return-based stochastic discount factors under very mild assumptions and check whether they price correctly the equity and the foreign currency risk premia. We avoid log-linearizations by using moments restrictions associated with euler equations to test the capacity of our return-based stochastic discount factors to price returns on the relevant assets. Our main finding is that a pricing kernel constructed only using information on American domestic assets accounts for both domestic and international stylized facts that escape consumption based models. In particular, we fail to reject the null hypothesis that the foreign currency risk premium has zero price when the instrument is the own current value of the forward premium.

Economia de Lucas e consumidores heterogêneos

Esta dissertação descreve três abordagens utilizadas para incorporar heterogeneidade numa economia de Lucas. Em mercados incompletos, essa hipótese oferece uma oportunidade de enriquecimento dos resultados de apreçamento obtidos de um modelo de agente representativo. Métodos recursivos são explorados como poderosa ferramenta para se modelar economias, encontrar equilíbrios, bem como desenvolver algoritmos computacionais. Na primeira abordagem, é mostrada a existência de uma função transição, que pode ser arbitrariamente complicada, mapeando o estado hoje nos possíveis estados amanhã. Na segunda abordagem, insere-se a possibilidade de default com colateral. Agora também é possível se construir uma função política que mapeia choques exógenos e distribuição de riqueza em preços e decisões de carteira. Finalmente, na terceira abordagem, que difere completamente das outras, uma equação de Euler modi cada é obtida convenientemente modelando-se choques idiossincráticos e persistentes.

Por uma reforma dos sistemas horizontal e vertical de divisão de funções do Estado

Enquanto muito se discute nos meios acadêmicos no próprio Congresso Nacional teor das reformas política, tributária previdenciária, todas elas, aliás, fundamentais ao país, esta monografia aborda outras dimensões de reforma, relacionadas organização funcional do Estado Brasileiro. Assim porque exigência de um Estado eficiente responde não somente questão de sua legitimidade, mas é, hoje, no ambiente globalizado de intensa competição de constante instabilidade, imperativo do próprio desenvolvimento de uma nação, especialmente Brasil, que deve, paralelamente, enfrentar um enorme déficit social acumulado. Procura-se, então, discutir, numa visão prospectiva, uma nova divisão de funções entre os Poderes Executivo Legislativo, especialmente no que concerne produção normativa, cujo modelo atual, ainda fundado no dogma da reserva de lei, apresenta-se incapaz de responder com grau de agilidade e competência que se exige do Estado atual. Remanesce, obviamente, preocupação com preservação dos valores democráticos com contenção do poder do Executivo, que instruíram formação dos Estados constitucionais, mas monopolização, pelo Legislativo, da produção de normas gerais abstratas não fator imprescindível ao alcance de tais objetivos sequer corresponde ao modelo empiricamente em vigor no Brasil. No outro aspecto, da divisão vertical de funções determinada pelo modelo federativo brasileiro, aborda-se "crise de relacionamento" entre os Entes Federativos, que se nota na dificuldade de adoção de políticas públicas conjuntas, problema que mais se agrava ante justa demanda da sociedade em encontrar, para seus organismos, espaço de participação nessa mesma seara. Deixando parte algumas sugestões de reconfiguração federativa, com inclusão ou exclusão de Entes, presente estudo procura defender adoção de soluções institucionais para a concretização da cooperação entre os Entes e para participação da sociedade na busca do interesse público.

O papel da punição disciplinar no controle da tropa da polícia militar do Amazonas

The work is to undertake a review of the control system's internal disciplinary Military Police of Amazonas (PMAM) as a way to identify factors that deserve to be modified or improved before the current social situation that is presented to our Public Military Force. For this purpose discussing the elements motivating and purpose of disciplinary punishment to the question 'Why punish?'. Then were the legal aspects of legal and disciplinary reprimand the legislation in force. It was subsequently approached the concept of police activity in Brazil and its peculiarities, moving then to examine the main figures of our state correctional compared with other states of the country. Before closing, we analyze the data Search Field watching the view of commanders and commanded the respect of the disciplinary system now in military force.

Testing the optimality of aggregate consumption decisions: is there rule-of-thumb behavior?

Consumption is an important macroeconomic aggregate, being about 70% of GNP. Finding sub-optimal behavior in consumption decisions casts a serious doubt on whether optimizing behavior is applicable on an economy-wide scale, which, in turn, challenge whether it is applicable at all. This paper has several contributions to the literature on consumption optimality. First, we provide a new result on the basic rule-of-thumb regression, showing that it is observational equivalent to the one obtained in a well known optimizing real-business-cycle model. Second, for rule-of-thumb tests based on the Asset-Pricing Equation, we show that the omission of the higher-order term in the log-linear approximation yields inconsistent estimates when lagged observables are used as instruments. However, these are exactly the instruments that have been traditionally used in this literature. Third, we show that nonlinear estimation of a system of N Asset-Pricing Equations can be done efficiently even if the number of asset returns (N) is high vis-a-vis the number of time-series observations (T). We argue that efficiency can be restored by aggregating returns into a single measure that fully captures intertemporal substitution. Indeed, we show that there is no reason why return aggregation cannot be performed in the nonlinear setting of the Pricing Equation, since the latter is a linear function of individual returns. This forms the basis of a new test of rule-of-thumb behavior, which can be viewed as testing for the importance of rule-of-thumb consumers when the optimizing agent holds an equally-weighted portfolio or a weighted portfolio of traded assets. Using our setup, we find no signs of either rule-of-thumb behavior for U.S. consumers or of habit-formation in consumption decisions in econometric tests. Indeed, we show that the simple representative agent model with a CRRA utility is able to explain the time series data on consumption and aggregate returns. There, the intertemporal discount factor is significant and ranges from 0.956 to 0.969 while the relative risk-aversion coefficient is precisely estimated ranging from 0.829 to 1.126. There is no evidence of rejection in over-identifying-restriction tests.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

We build a pricing kernel using only US domestic assets data and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our stochastic discount factor as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by pricing Lustig and Verdelhan (2007)'s foreign currency portfolios. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

Using information on US domestic financial data only, we build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by pricing Lustig and Verdelhan (2007)’s foreign currency portfolios. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

Using information on US domestic financial data only, we build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by comparing this out-of-sample results with the one obtained performing an in-sample exercise, where the return-based SDF captures sources of risk of a representative set of developed and emerging economies government bonds. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

A teoria da causa madura: alcance e limites do art. 515, § 3º do Código de Processo Civil

A Teoria da Causa Madura é um instituto de direito processual civil que visa aprimorar a prestação jurisdicional. A possibilidade conferida pelo instituto de viabilizar o julgamento direto pelos tribunais, caso estejam presentes os requisitos legais, em caso de extinção equivocada do processo sem a resolução do mérito pelo juízo de origem, encurta o trâmite processual de maneira cirúrgica, sem macular qualquer princípio constitucional. A partir desta premissa louvável é que deve ser realizada a interpretação do instituto, possibilitando a delimitação do seu campo de atuação. A rigor, a aplicação da Teoria da Causa Madura está limitada ao recurso que a disciplina, a saber, apelação, tendo em vista que o dispositivo legal que a regula, art. 515, §3°, do Código de Processo Civil, está inserido no capítulo da apelação. No entanto, a localização geográfica do dispositivo não pode servir de obstáculo à interpretação que permita alargar o seu campo de atuação. A interpretação literal do dispositivo legal que a disciplina, portanto, não é a que melhor se ajusta com a hipótese em comento. As benesses que podem ser extraídas da norma, como mencionado, bem como o objetivo constitucional de tornar célere a entrega da prestação jurisdicional, permitem maior extensão dos seus efeitos, de modo a viabilizar sua aplicação a outros recursos previstos no sistema processual civil. Neste diapasão, a presente monografia tem o condão de demonstrar, à luz dos princípios constitucionais e processuais aplicáveis ao tema, que a Teoria da Causa Madura é um instituto plenamente aplicável a outros recursos disciplinados pelo CPC. Conclusão esta extraída de acordo com a missão constitucional de abreviar a tramitação dos processos, encerrando com a maior mazela deste serviço público essencial: a morosidade.

The forward and the equity-premium puzzles: a straightforward test of whether they are two symptoms of the same illness

We build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— using information on US domestic financial data only, and provide evidence that it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape SDF’s generated by consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of the pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. In our tests, we address predictability, a defining feature of the Forward Premium Puzzle—FPP— by using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations both in the equity and the foreign markets.