Proposta de um framework conceitual para apoiar a criação de técnicas de indexação para banco de dados temporais

Bancos de Dados Temporais (BDTs) surgiram para tentar suprir a necessidade de se obter um melhor aproveitamento das informações que circulam atualmente. Porém, ao mesmo tempo em que é benéfico o seu uso, uma vez que armazenam o histórico das informações, existe um problema neste tipo de banco de dados, que é o desempenho. Além do grande volume de dados armazenados, este problema se agrava ainda mais devido à complexidade nas operações que governam os BDTs, como por exemplo, inclusão, remoção, alteração e consulta. Portanto, focalizando o problema, existe a necessidade de melhorar o desempenho dos BDTs frente às operações de manipulação de dados. Técnicas de indexação apropriadas para dados temporais podem amenizar este problema de desempenho. Técnicas consagradas de indexação são largamente usadas, amparadas no seu alto grau de desempenho e portabilidade. São exemplos B-Tree, B+-Tree e R-Tree, entre outras. Estas técnicas não suportam indexar os complexos BDTs, mas são fundamentais para que sirvam de base para novas estruturas que suportem esses tipos de dados. As técnicas de indexação para dados temporais existentes não conseguem suprir a semântica temporal na sua totalidade. Existem ainda algumas deficiências do tipo: poucas técnicas que abrangem ao mesmo tempo tempo de validade e tempo de transação; não existe uma técnica que oferece informações do seu desempenho; a maioria não distingue ponto no tempo de intervalo de tempo; entre outras. Entretanto, possuem características relevantes em cada uma delas. Assim, um estudo das características mais importantes se tornou um fator importante para que possa ser desenvolvido um modelo capaz de auxiliar na criação de novas técnicas de indexação para dados temporais, a fim de contemplar melhor estes tipos de dados. O objetivo deste trabalho é, com base nas características das técnicas estudadas, desenvolver um framework conceitual capaz de auxiliar na criação de novas técnicas de indexação para dados temporais. Esta estrutura apresenta as características mais relevantes das técnicas existentes, agregando novas idéias e conceitos para contemplar os dados temporais. O framework conceitual desenvolvido agrega características de diferentes técnicas de indexação, possibilitando de variar a arquitetura de um índice para dados temporais, ajustando-os para um melhor desempenho em diferentes sistemas. Para validar o framework proposto é apresentada uma especificação de índices para o modelo de dados TF-ORM (Temporal Functionality in Objects With Roles Model).

A Framework supporting collaboration on the distributed design of integrated systems

The work described in this thesis aims to support the distributed design of integrated systems and considers specifically the need for collaborative interaction among designers. Particular emphasis was given to issues which were only marginally considered in previous approaches, such as the abstraction of the distribution of design automation resources over the network, the possibility of both synchronous and asynchronous interaction among designers and the support for extensible design data models. Such issues demand a rather complex software infrastructure, as possible solutions must encompass a wide range of software modules: from user interfaces to middleware to databases. To build such structure, several engineering techniques were employed and some original solutions were devised. The core of the proposed solution is based in the joint application of two homonymic technologies: CAD Frameworks and object-oriented frameworks. The former concept was coined in the late 80's within the electronic design automation community and comprehends a layered software environment which aims to support CAD tool developers, CAD administrators/integrators and designers. The latter, developed during the last decade by the software engineering community, is a software architecture model to build extensible and reusable object-oriented software subsystems. In this work, we proposed to create an object-oriented framework which includes extensible sets of design data primitives and design tool building blocks. Such object-oriented framework is included within a CAD Framework, where it plays important roles on typical CAD Framework services such as design data representation and management, versioning, user interfaces, design management and tool integration. The implemented CAD Framework - named Cave2 - followed the classical layered architecture presented by Barnes, Harrison, Newton and Spickelmier, but the possibilities granted by the use of the object-oriented framework foundations allowed a series of improvements which were not available in previous approaches: - object-oriented frameworks are extensible by design, thus this should be also true regarding the implemented sets of design data primitives and design tool building blocks. This means that both the design representation model and the software modules dealing with it can be upgraded or adapted to a particular design methodology, and that such extensions and adaptations will still inherit the architectural and functional aspects implemented in the object-oriented framework foundation; - the design semantics and the design visualization are both part of the object-oriented framework, but in clearly separated models. This allows for different visualization strategies for a given design data set, which gives collaborating parties the flexibility to choose individual visualization settings; - the control of the consistency between semantics and visualization - a particularly important issue in a design environment with multiple views of a single design - is also included in the foundations of the object-oriented framework. Such mechanism is generic enough to be also used by further extensions of the design data model, as it is based on the inversion of control between view and semantics. The view receives the user input and propagates such event to the semantic model, which evaluates if a state change is possible. If positive, it triggers the change of state of both semantics and view. Our approach took advantage of such inversion of control and included an layer between semantics and view to take into account the possibility of multi-view consistency; - to optimize the consistency control mechanism between views and semantics, we propose an event-based approach that captures each discrete interaction of a designer with his/her respective design views. The information about each interaction is encapsulated inside an event object, which may be propagated to the design semantics - and thus to other possible views - according to the consistency policy which is being used. Furthermore, the use of event pools allows for a late synchronization between view and semantics in case of unavailability of a network connection between them; - the use of proxy objects raised significantly the abstraction of the integration of design automation resources, as either remote or local tools and services are accessed through method calls in a local object. The connection to remote tools and services using a look-up protocol also abstracted completely the network location of such resources, allowing for resource addition and removal during runtime; - the implemented CAD Framework is completely based on Java technology, so it relies on the Java Virtual Machine as the layer which grants the independence between the CAD Framework and the operating system. All such improvements contributed to a higher abstraction on the distribution of design automation resources and also introduced a new paradigm for the remote interaction between designers. The resulting CAD Framework is able to support fine-grained collaboration based on events, so every single design update performed by a designer can be propagated to the rest of the design team regardless of their location in the distributed environment. This can increase the group awareness and allow a richer transfer of experiences among them, improving significantly the collaboration potential when compared to previously proposed file-based or record-based approaches. Three different case studies were conducted to validate the proposed approach, each one focusing one a subset of the contributions of this thesis. The first one uses the proxy-based resource distribution architecture to implement a prototyping platform using reconfigurable hardware modules. The second one extends the foundations of the implemented object-oriented framework to support interface-based design. Such extensions - design representation primitives and tool blocks - are used to implement a design entry tool named IBlaDe, which allows the collaborative creation of functional and structural models of integrated systems. The third case study regards the possibility of integration of multimedia metadata to the design data model. Such possibility is explored in the frame of an online educational and training platform.