Low cost BIST techniques for linear and non-linear analog circuits

With the ever increasing demands for high complexity consumer electronic products, market pressures demand faster product development and lower cost. SoCbased design can provide the required design flexibility and speed by allowing the use of IP cores. However, testing costs in the SoC environment can reach a substantial percent of the total production cost. Analog testing costs may dominate the total test cost, as testing of analog circuits usually require functional verification of the circuit and special testing procedures. For RF analog circuits commonly used in wireless applications, testing is further complicated because of the high frequencies involved. In summary, reducing analog test cost is of major importance in the electronic industry today. BIST techniques for analog circuits, though potentially able to solve the analog test cost problem, have some limitations. Some techniques are circuit dependent, requiring reconfiguration of the circuit being tested, and are generally not usable in RF circuits. In the SoC environment, as processing and memory resources are available, they could be used in the test. However, the overhead for adding additional AD and DA converters may be too costly for most systems, and analog routing of signals may not be feasible and may introduce signal distortion. In this work a simple and low cost digitizer is used instead of an ADC in order to enable analog testing strategies to be implemented in a SoC environment. Thanks to the low analog area overhead of the converter, multiple analog test points can be observed and specific analog test strategies can be enabled. As the digitizer is always connected to the analog test point, it is not necessary to include muxes and switches that would degrade the signal path. For RF analog circuits, this is specially useful, as the circuit impedance is fixed and the influence of the digitizer can be accounted for in the design phase. Thanks to the simplicity of the converter, it is able to reach higher frequencies, and enables the implementation of low cost RF test strategies. The digitizer has been applied successfully in the testing of both low frequency and RF analog circuits. Also, as testing is based on frequency-domain characteristics, nonlinear characteristics like intermodulation products can also be evaluated. Specifically, practical results were obtained for prototyped base band filters and a 100MHz mixer. The application of the converter for noise figure evaluation was also addressed, and experimental results for low frequency amplifiers using conventional opamps were obtained. The proposed method is able to enhance the testability of current mixed-signal designs, being suitable for the SoC environment used in many industrial products nowadays.

Controle em tempo real de robôs através de redes IP

Com o intuito de utilizar uma rede com protocolo IP para a implementação de malhas fechadas de controle, este trabalho propõe-se a realizar um estudo da operação de um sistema de controle dinâmico distribuído, comparando-o com a operação de um sistema de controle local convencional. Em geral, a decisão de projetar uma arquitetura de controle distribuído é feita baseada na simplicidade, na redução dos custos e confiabilidade; portanto, um diferencial bastante importante é a utilização da rede IP. O objetivo de uma rede de controle não é transmitir dados digitais, mas dados analógicos amostrados. Assim, métricas usuais em redes de computadores, como quantidade de dados e taxa de transferências, tornam-se secundárias em uma rede de controle. São propostas técnicas para tratar os pacotes que sofrem atrasos e recuperar o desempenho do sistema de controle através da rede IP. A chave para este método é realizar a estimação do conteúdo dos pacotes que sofrem atrasos com base no modelo dinâmico do sistema, mantendo o sistema com um nível adequado de desempenho. O sistema considerado é o controle de um manipulador antropomórfico com dois braços e uma cabeça de visão estéreo totalizando 18 juntas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que se pode recuperar boa parte do desempenho do sistema.