Competition of sicklepod, cassia obtusifolia l., densities on soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., at variable row distance

Competition studies with soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. "Bragg." and sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia L., were conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of the University of Florida in Quincy, Florida. Two field experiments were established, one on May 22, 1975. and the other four weeks later, on June 19, 1975, to determine the competitive effects of various sicklepod densities and the influences of soybean row distances on weed dry matter, soybear plant characteristics, yield components and seed yield, and on soil nutrient content. Control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities in the first experiment were O, 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 p1ants/ha, respectively; while the second experiment presented control, low, medium, and high sicklepod densities of O, 36,000, 68,000, and 122,000 plants/ha, respectively. Three soybean row distance treatments were tested using a constant pattern of 90-, 60-, and 45-cm widths throughout the growing season. Three other treatments, evaluated in a variable patern, were initially seeded in 30-cm row widths. Five weeks after planting, an appropriate number of soybean rows were harvested from the 30"cm pattern to establish row distances of 90, 60, and 30-60 cm for the remainder of the season. ln the greenhouse a test was conducted to evaluate the effects af those variables on seed germination and seedling vigor for the next soybean generation. As a result of full-season sicklepod competition, soybean plants were less branched, set fewer leaves, and presented thinner stems as compared to the control. However, height of soybean plants was not affected by the presence of sicklepod. ln one of the two experiments, number of nodes decreased for soybeans under weed campetition. The yield components--number of pods; number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--were all similarly reduced due to weed competition. Seeds per pod were decreased to a lesser extent. Soybean seed yields per unit area were significantly diminished by increasing levels af sicklepod ínfestation. While the control produced 3120 kg/ha, the sicklepod densities of 25,000, 53,000, and 77,000 plants/ha reduced seed yíelds 47, 65, and 73%, respectively. As soybean row distances decreased, number of branches, number of leaves, and stem diameter of soybeans decreased. However, the height of soybean plants increased with narrwing of row width. The components of seed yield--number of pods, number of seeds, and seed yield per soybean plant--diminished as row spacing was reduced. Maximum difference between row distances for these attributes was attained for soybean plants under weed-free conditions. Generally, as row width decreased, soybean seed yield per unit area increased. Specifically, soybear.s in 90-cm rows, either in constant or variable row pattern, yielded less than soybeans in 60- and 30-60-cm rows in the variable pattern. Soil contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were not affected by the various levels of sicklepod and soybean populalions. Neither the sicklepod densities nor the soybean row distances influenced seed germination and seedling vigor in the next soybean generation. Sicklepod was a strong competitor with soybeans at all density ranges investigated. Because sicklepod grows taller than soybeans during the reproductive stages of the crop, limited success can be reached by varying row spacing alone. However, this practice is considered an integral measure to complement other methods of sicklepod control. Compared to constant rows, the soybean cropping system using variable row spacings presents the choice of planting soybeans at close row spacings to provide early competition with weeds and the possibility of obtaining a forage crop after the first month of growth, without any decreases on the final seed yields.

Compositional controls on sandstone diagenesis

Resumo não disponível

Processamento de materiais carbonáceos por pulsos intensos de laser em alta pressão

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma câmara de alta pressão com janela de safira para processamento de filmes finos com pulsos de laser de alta potência, num regime de resfriamento ultra-rápido e geometria confinada. As amostras estudadas consistiram de filmes finos de carbono amorfo depositados sobre substratos de cobre. Os processamentos foram realizados com um laser pulsado Nd:YAG com energia de até 500 mJ por pulso, com duração de 8 ns, focalizada numa região de cerca de 1,5mm2, gerando uma região de elevada temperatura na superfície da amostra durante um intervalo de tempo bastante curto, da ordem do tempo de duração do pulso do laser. Para evitar a evaporação do filme de carbono, aplicava-se através da câmara, uma pressão de 0,5 a 1,0 GPa, confinando a amostra e eliminando o efeito da ablação. Este sistema tornou possível produzir taxas de resfriamento extremamente elevadas, com supressão da formação de uma pluma durante a incidência do laser, sendo o calor dissipado rapidamente pelo contato com os substratos de cobre e safira, ambos com elevada condutividade térmica. As amostras processadas foram analisadas por micro-espectroscopia Raman e os resultados revelaram a formação de estruturas com cadeias lineares de carbono, “carbynes”, caracterizadas pela presença de um pico Raman intenso na região de 2150 cm-1. Outro conjunto de picos Raman foi observado em 996 cm-1, 1116 cm-1 e 1498 cm-1 quando o filme fino de carbono amorfo foi processado dentro da câmara, com uma seqüência de mais de três pulsos consecutivos de laser. Várias tentativas foram feitas para investigar a natureza da fase que origina estes picos. Apesar da similaridade com o espectro Raman correspondente ao poliacetileno (CnHn), não foi possível constatar evidências experimentais sobre a presença de hidrogênio nos filmes de carbono processados. Estes picos Raman não foram observados quando o filme de carbono era depositado sobre outros substratos metálicos, a não ser em cobre. O conjunto de resultados experimentais obtidos indica que estes picos estariam relacionados a pequenos aglomerados lineares de átomos de carbono, diluídos numa matriz de átomos de cobre, formados durante os pulsos subseqüentes de laser e retidos durante o resfriamento ultra-rápido da amostra. A comparação dos resultados experimentais com a simulação do espectro Raman para diferentes configurações, permite propor que estes aglomerados seriam pequenas cadeias lineares, com poucos átomos, estabilizadas frente à formação de grafenos pela presença de átomos de cobre em abundância. Foram também realizados processamentos de materiais carbonáceos por pulsos de laser em meios líquidos, através de câmaras especialmente construídas para este fim. Os resultados, em diversos materiais e configurações, mostraram apenas a formação de estruturas grafíticas, sem evidência de outras fases.