Proposta de um modelo de referência para o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos farmacêuticos

Esta tese apresenta uma proposta de modelo de referência para o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos farmacêuticos, a qual foi alicerçada nos preceitos da Engenharia Silmutânea, do Desenvolvimento Integrado de produtos, do sistema Stage Gates e do Product Based Business. O modelo de referência para o PDP foi desenvolvido a partir de informações da literatura de desenvolvimento de produtos, literatura farmacêutica e de entrevistas realizadas com profissionais farmacêuticos que trabalham em empresas de médio e grande porte , e com outros profissionais que ocupam cargos relacionados com o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos. Também contribui com a construção do modelo, uma entrevista com um representante da ANVISA da área de de registro de medicamentos genéricos, particularmente no entendimento das relações entre empresas e agência de registro. A partir da ferramenta de modelagem EDT (estrutura do desmembramento do trabalho) e de uma matriz de atividades versus responsabilidades, foi possível modelar o processo em três macroetapas e sete fases, abrangendo desde a identificação de uma oportunidade de negócio até o lançamento do produto no mercado. O modelo também contempla seis estágios-portão ou gates, os quais são acompanhados de listas de verificação (check lists) e outros documentos de controle de PDP No modelo referncial, as fases que são pouco descritas ou contempladas nos processos farmacêuticos foram enfatizadas, e para facilitar a compreensão do modelo, empregou-se um exemplo de aplicação através da simulação do desenvolvimento de um medicamento antinflamatório, o ibuprofeno. O trabalho também apresenta o método subjacente ao modelo de referência, explicitando as componentes: processo,princípios, práticas, cultura e ferramentas, as quais oferecem sustentação ao mesmo. Por fim, as entrevistas revelaram algumas dificuldades e facilidades encontradas durante o registro de medicamentos na ANVISA. O modelo de referência proposto guarda em si generalidade suficiente para servir de inspiração para fabricação de medicamentos e cosméticos variantes, nos diferentes estados físicos e pertencentes às diferentes classes terapêuticas. No caso de produtos inovadores, as atividades das fases iniciais do modelo (pré-desenvolvimento) deverão ser revistas.

Novel catalyst systems based on Ni(II), Ti(IV), and Cr(III) complexes for oligo-and polymerization of ethylene

The complex of Brookhart Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6- diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) has been characterized after impregnation on silica (S1) and MAO-modified silicas (4.0, 8.0 and 23.0 wts.% Al/SiO2 called S2, S3 and S4, respectively). The treatment of these heterogeneous systems with MAO produces some active catalysts for the polymerization of the ethylene. A high catalytic activity has been gotten while using the system supported 1/S3 (196 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm; toluene, Al/Ni = 1000, 30ºC, 60 min and atmospheric pressure of ethylene). The effects of polymerization conditions have been tested with the catalyst supported in S2 and the best catalytic activity has been gotten with solvent hexane, MAO as cocatalyst, molar ratio Al/Ni of 1000 and to the temperature of 30°C (285 kg of PE/mol[Ni].h.atm). When the reaction has been driven according to the in situ methodology, the activity practically doubled and polymers showed some similar properties. Polymers products by the supported catalysts showed the absence of melting fusion, results similar to those gotten with the homogeneous systems by DSC analysis. But then, polymers gotten with the transplanted system present according to the GPC’s curves the polydispersity (MwD) varies between 1.7 and 7.0. A polyethylene blend (BPE/LPE) was prepared using the complex Ni(α-diimine)Cl2 (1) (α-diimine = 1,4-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-acenaphthenediimine) and {TpMs*}TiCl3 (2) (TpMs* = hydridobis(3-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)(5-mesitylpyrazol-1-yl)) supported in situ on MAO-modified silica (4.0 wts. -% Al/SiO2, S2). Reactions of polymerization of ethylene have been executed in the toluene in two different temperatures (0 and 30°C), varying the molars fraction of nickel (xNi), and using MAO as external cocatalyst. To all temperatures, the activities show a linear variation tendency with xNi and indicate the absence of the effect synergic between the species of nickel and the titanium. The maximum of activity have been found at 0°C. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene produced at 0 °C decrease whereas xNi increases indicating a good compatibility between phases of the polyethylene gotten with the two catalysts. The melting temperature for the blends of polyethylene showed be depend on the order according to which catalysts have been supported on the MAO-modified silica. The initial immobilization of 1 on the support (2/1/S2) product of polymers with a melting temperature (Tm) lower to the one of the polymer gotten when the titanium has been supported inicially (1/2/S2). The observation of polyethylenes gotten with the two systems (2/1/S2 and 1/2/S2) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the spherical polymer formation showing that the spherical morphology of the support to been reproduced. Are described the synthesis, the characterization and the catalytic properties for the oligomerization of the ethylene of four organometallics compounds of CrIII with ligands ([bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)ethyl]amine] chromium (III) chloride (3a), [bis[2-(3,5- dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)ethyl]benzylamine] chromium (III) chloride (3b), [bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether] chromiun(III)chloride (3c), [bis[2-(3-phenyl-lpyrazolyl) ethyl]ether]chromiun(III)chloride (3d)). In relation of the oligomerization, at exception made of the compounds 3a, all complex of the chromium showed be active after activation with MAO and the TOF gotten have one effect differentiated to those formed with CrCl3(thf)3. The coordination of a tridentate ligand on the metallic center doesn't provoke any considerable changes on the formation of the C4 and C6, but the amount of C8 are decrease and the C10 and C12+ have increased. The Polymers produced by the catalyst 3a to 3 and 20 bar of ethylene have, according to analyses by DSC, the temperatures of fusion of 133,8 and 136ºC respectively. It indicates that in the two cases the production of high density polyethylene. The molar mass, gotten by GPC, is 46647 g/mols with MwD = 2,4 (3 bar). The system 3c/MAO showed values of TOF, activity and selectivity to different α-olefins according to the pressure of ethylene uses. Himself that shown a big sensibility to the concentration of ethylene solubilized.