Study of the audio coding algorithm of the MPEG-4 AAC standard and comparison among implementations of modules of the algorithm

Audio coding is used to compress digital audio signals, thereby reducing the amount of bits needed to transmit or to store an audio signal. This is useful when network bandwidth or storage capacity is very limited. Audio compression algorithms are based on an encoding and decoding process. In the encoding step, the uncompressed audio signal is transformed into a coded representation, thereby compressing the audio signal. Thereafter, the coded audio signal eventually needs to be restored (e.g. for playing back) through decoding of the coded audio signal. The decoder receives the bitstream and reconverts it into an uncompressed signal. ISO-MPEG is a standard for high-quality, low bit-rate video and audio coding. The audio part of the standard is composed by algorithms for high-quality low-bit-rate audio coding, i.e. algorithms that reduce the original bit-rate, while guaranteeing high quality of the audio signal. The audio coding algorithms consists of MPEG-1 (with three different layers), MPEG-2, MPEG-2 AAC, and MPEG-4. This work presents a study of the MPEG-4 AAC audio coding algorithm. Besides, it presents the implementation of the AAC algorithm on different platforms, and comparisons among implementations. The implementations are in C language, in Assembly of Intel Pentium, in C-language using DSP processor, and in HDL. Since each implementation has its own application niche, each one is valid as a final solution. Moreover, another purpose of this work is the comparison among these implementations, considering estimated costs, execution time, and advantages and disadvantages of each one.

Comportamento dos preços dos contratos agropecuários negociados na BM&F : a hipótese de "normal backwardation" no mercado futuro brasileiro

O presente trabalho objetivou a realização de testes a fim de verificar a hipótese de normal backwardation no mercado futuro brasileiro dos contratos agropecuários negociados no período compreendido entre os anos de 1994 a 2001. Foram analisados os preços de ajuste de seis contratos: soja, milho, boi gordo, açúcar cristal, café e algodão. Tal hipótese foi defendida primordialmente por Keynes, e preconiza que os preços futuros são uma estimativa viesada do preço à vista no futuro e devem crescer até a data de vencimento, momento em que se equiparam ao preço à vista. A justificativa para esse comportamento centra-se no fato de que os especuladores exigem um prêmio pelo risco que incorrem, e somente aceitarão negociar mediante um desconto nos preços. Os resultados desse estudo mostram indícios para a confirmação da hipótese de normal backwardation no mercado futuro brasileiro, principalmente pelos resultados do teste de proporções e da regressão.