Error analysis in translation : a case study of the Turkish-English language pair

Examines translation errors made by Turkish stream students from a three-year, full-time interpreting and translating degree course. Attempts to find out how students progress towards the curriculum objectives and how well they translate as their studies progress. The significance of errors in translation and teaching translation skills are also discussed.

Influence of gender and pair-type on preschool children's learning in computing context

The thesis examined early differences between girls and boys in their attitudes and social behaviour which might help explain why girls and women continue to reject computing. The behaviour of preschool children playing freely for three supervised sessions in either same-gender or mixed-gender pairs with a computerised robot was studied, and then their individual programming performance was measured. Conclusions were that social interaction and computer programming performance were not differentiated by gender. Mixed-gender pairs had a significant effect on both children's style of social interaction and their performance, an impact that was particularly negative for girls.

An analysis of side chain interactions and pair correlations within antiparallel β-sheets : the differences between backbone hydrogen-bonded and non-hydrogen-bonded residue pairs

Cross-strand pair correlations are calculated for residue pairs in antiparallel β-sheet for two cases: pairs whose backbone atoms are hydrogen bonded together (H-bonded site) and pairs which are not (non-H-bonded site). The statistics show that this distinction is important. When glycine is located on the edge of a sheet, it shows a 3:1 preference for the H-bonded site. Thestrongest observed correlations are for pairs of disulfide-bonded cystines, many of which adopt a close-packed conformation with each cystine in a spiral conformation of opposite chirality to its partner. It is likely that these pairs are a signature for the family of small, cystine-rich proteins. Most other strong positive and negative correlations involve charged and polar residues. It appears that electrostatic compatibility is the strongest factor affecting pair correlation. Significant correlations are observed for β- and γ-branched residues inthe non-H-bonded site. An examination of the structures showsa directionality in side chain packing. There is a correlation between (1) the directionality in the packing interactions of non-H-bonded β- and γ-branched residue pairs, (2) the handedness of the observed enantiomers of chiral β-branched side chains, and (3) the handedness of the twist of β-sheet. These findings have implications for the formation of β-sheets during protein folding and the mechanism by which the sheet becomes twisted

Dimerization of retroviral RNA genomes : an inseparable pair

Many viruses carry more than one segment of nucleic acid into the virion particle, but retroviruses are the only known group of viruses that contain two identical (or nearly identical) copies of the RNA genome within the virion. These RNA genomes are non-covalently joined together through a process known as genomic RNA dimerization. Uniquely, the RNA dimerization of the retroviral genome is of crucial importance for efficient retroviral replication. In this article, our current understanding of the relationship between retroviral genome conformation, dimerization and replication is reviewed.

A hybrid contact state analysis methodology for robotic-based adjustment of cylindrical pair

The peg-in-hole insertion and adjustment operation is one of the most common tasks in the robotic and automatic assembly processes. Fine motion strategies associated with adjustment operations on a peg-in-hole are fundamental manipulations that can be utilised in dynamic assembly and reconfigurable workholding or fixturing systems. This paper presents a comprehensive study of robotic-based height adjustment of a cylindrical pair based on maintaining minimum contact forces between the links. The outer link is held by the end-effector of a six-DOF (Degrees of freedom) serial articulated robot manipulator. The environment represented by the inner link can be either static or dynamic. A force-based approach and a d value approach are established to determine the type of contact that exists between the links of a cylindrical pair, and to extract control parameters. Based on the comparison and analysis of these two approaches, a hybrid methodology is established by combining a d value approach with a force-based approach for contact state determination. Formulations capable of extracting necessary control parameters, which ensure minimum contact forces between the links, are established from both planar and spatial viewpoints under both static and dynamic environmental conditions. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Isolation breeds naivety : island living robs Australian varanid lizards of toad-toxin immunity via four-base-pair mutation

Since their introduction to the toad-free Australian continent cane toads (Bufo marinus) have caused a dramatic increase in naïve varanid mortality when these large lizards attempt to feed on this toxic amphibian. In contrast Asian–African varanids, which have coevolved with toads, are resistant to toad toxin. Toad toxins, such as Bufalin target the H1-H2 domain of the α1 subunit of the sodium-potassium-ATPase enzyme. Sequencing of this domain revealed identical nucleotide sequences in four Asian as well as in three African varanids, and identical sequences in all 11 Australian varanids. However, compared to the Asian–African varanids, the Australian varanids showed four-base-pair substitutions, resulting in the alteration in three of the 12 amino acids representing the H1-H2 domain. The phenotypic effect of the substitutions was investigated in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably transfected with the Australian and the Asian–African H1-H2 domains. The transfections resulted in an approximate 3000-fold reduction in resistance to Bufalin in the Australian HEK293 cells compared to the Asian–African HEK293 cells, demonstrating the critical role of this minor mutation in providing Bufalin resistance. Our study hence presents a clear link between genotype and phenotype, a critical step in understanding the evolution of phenotypic diversity.

Modelling ion-pair geometries and dynamics in a 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium-based ion-conductive crystal

Full conformational and energy explorations are conducted on an organic ionic plastic crystal, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidium tetrafluoroborate [C2 mpyr][BF4 ]. The onsets of various stages of dynamic behaviour, which appear to account for low-temperature solid-solid phase transitions, are investigated by using quantum-chemical simulations. It is suggested that pseudorotation of the pyrrolidine ring occurs in the first instance; the partial rotation of the entire cation subsequently occurs and may be accompanied by reorientation of the ethyl chain as the temperature increases further. A cation-anion configuration, whereby BF4 (-) interacts with the C2 mpy cation from the side of the ring, is the most likely structure in the low-temperature phase IV region. These interpretations are supported by (13) C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical-shift analysis.

Neighbourhood-pair attack in social network data publishing

Vertex re-identification is one of the significant and challenging problems in social network. In this paper, we show a new type of vertex reidentification attack called neighbourhood-pair attack. This attack utilizes the neighbourhood topologies of two connected vertices. We show both theoretically and empirically that this attack is possible on anonymized social network and has higher re-identification rate than the existing structural attacks.

Investigating the effects of personality traits on pair programming in a higher education setting through a family of experiments

Evidence from our systematic literature review revealed numerous inconsistencies in findings from the Pair Programming (PP) literature regarding the effects of personality on PP's effectiveness as a pedagogical tool. In particular: i) the effect of differing personality traits of pairs on the successful implementation of pair-programming (PP) within a higher education setting is still unclear, and ii) the personality instrument most often used had been Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), despite being an indicator criticized by personality psychologists as unreliable in measuring an individual's personality traits. These issues motivated the research described in this paper. We conducted a series of five formal experiments (one of which was a replicated experiment), between 2009 and 2010, at the University of Auckland, to investigate the effects of personality composition on PP's effectiveness. Each experiment looked at a particular personality trait of the Five-Factor personality framework. This framework comprises five broad traits (Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism), and our experiments focused on three of these - Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. A total of 594 undergraduate students participated as subjects. Overall, our findings for all five experiments, including the replication, showed that Conscientiousness and Neuroticism did not present a statistically significant effect upon paired students' academic performance. However, Openness played a significant role in differentiating paired students' academic performance. Participants' survey results also indicated that PP not only caused an increase in satisfaction and confidence levels but also brought enjoyment to the tutorial classes and enhanced students' motivation.

A pair-oriented requirements engineering approach for analysing multi-lingual requirements

Requirements written in multiple languages can lead to error-proneness, inconsistency and incorrectness. In a Malaysian setting, software engineers are exposed to both Malay and English requirements. This can be a challenging task for them especially when capturing and analyzing requirements. Further, they face difficulties to model requirements using semi-formal or formal models. This paper introduces a new approach, Pair-Oriented Requirements Engineering (PORE) that uses an Essential Use Case (EUC) model to capture and analyze multi-lingual requirements. This approach is intended to assist practitioners in developing correct and consistent requirements as well as developing teamwork skills. Two quasi-experiment studies involving 80 participants in the first study and 38 participants in a subsequent study were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach with respect to correctness and time spent in capturing multi-lingual requirements. It was found that PORE improves accuracy and hence helps users perform better in developing high quality requirements models.