2-(2-Pyridylamino)Pyridinium2-(2-Pyridylamino)pyridinium chloride phosphorous acid: one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded and [π]-[π] stacked supramolecular chains

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C₁₀H₁₀N₃⁺·Cl-^·[P(O)(OH)₂H], the chloride ion and phosphorous acid form a one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chain, while the 2-(2-pyridylamino)pyridinium cations form a second chain through [π]-[π] stacking. The two parallel chains are connected via a PO...H-N hydrogen bond and a weak pyridinium-to-chloride interaction.

One-dimensional nanomaterials synthesized using high-energy ball milling and annealing process

One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials including nanotubes, nanowires and nanorods have many new properties, functionalities and a large range of promising applications. A major challenge for these future industrial applications is the large-quantity production. We report that the ball milling and annealing process has the potential to achieve the mass production. Several examples including C, BN nanotubes and SiC, Zn nanowires are presented to demonstrate such capability. In addition, both size and structure of 1D nanomaterials can be controlled by varying processing conditions. New growth mechanisms involved in the process have been investigated and the high-energy ball milling has an important role in the formation of these 1D nanomaterials.

One-dimensional growth of TiO2 nanorods from ilmenite sands

Growth mechanisms of TiO₂ nanorods synthesized from mineral ilmenite using ball milling and annealing method have been systematically investigated. Two annealing processes are needed to grow the nanorods. The heating rate and gaseous environment in the first annealing step are critical to the formation of intermediate phases; these and the annealing atmosphere in the second heating play very important roles in nanorod growth. One-dimensional growth of the nanorods induced by low-temperature annealing in nitrogen plus hydrogen is possibly driven by atom vacancy diffusion in addition to surface diffusion.

M-Dimension : multi-characteristics based routing protocol in human associated delay-tolerant networks with improved performance over one dimensional classic models

Human associated delay-tolerant network (HDTN) is a new delay-tolerant network where mobile devices are associated with humans. It can be viewed from both their geographic and social dimensions. The combination of these different dimensions can enable us to more accurately comprehend a delay-tolerant network and consequently use this multi-dimensional information to improve overall network efficiency. Alongside the geographic dimension of the network which is concerned with geographic topology of routing, social dimensions such as social hierarchy can be used to guide the routing message to improve not only the routing efficiency for individual nodes, but also efficiency for the entire network.

We propose a multi-dimensional routing protocol (M-Dimension) for the human associated delay-tolerant network which uses the local information derived from multiple dimensions to identify a mobile node more accurately. Each dimension has a weight factor and is organized by the Distance Function to select an intermediary and applies multi-cast routing. We compare M-Dimension to existing benchmark routing protocols using the MIT Reality Dataset, a well-known benchmark dataset based on a human associated mobile network trace file. The results of our simulations show that M-Dimension has a significant increase in the average success ratio and is very competitive when End-to-End Delay of packet delivery is used in comparison to other multi-cast DTN routing protocols.

One-dimensional polyelectrolyte/polymeric semiconductor core/shell structure : sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone)/polyaniline nanofibers for organic field-effect transistors

A polyelectrolyte/polymeric semiconductor core/shell structure is developed for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone)/polyaniline core/shell nanofibers via electrospinning and solution-phase selective polymerization. The polyelectrolyte does not work as a gate dielectric, but can provide an internal modulation from the nanointerface of the 1D core/shell nanostructure. The transistor devices display very high mobilities.

Determination of neurotransmitters and their metabolites using one- and two-dimensional liquid chromatography with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection

High-performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection based on the reaction with acidic potassium permanganate and formaldehyde was explored for the determination of neurotransmitters and their metabolites. The neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine were quantified in the left and right hemispheres of rat hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, and the metabolites vanillylmandelic acid, 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid and homovanillic acid were identified in human urine. Under optimised chemiluminescence reagent conditions, the limits of detection for these analytes ranged from 2.5 × 10−8 to 2.5 × 10−7 M. For the determination of neurotransmitter metabolites in urine, a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (2D-HPLC) separation operated in heart-cutting mode was developed to overcome the peak capacity limitations of the one-dimensional separation. This approach provided the greater separation power of 2D-HPLC with analysis times comparable to conventional one-dimensional separations.