Rejection of the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine in Australia : a retreat from progressivism

This article canvasses the key Australian exclusionary rules and discretions to exclude evidence under both the common law and its statutory counterparts in the Uniform Evidence Legislation now in effect in the Commonwealth, Victoria, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania. In examining these exclusionary rules and discretions, an analysis is made as to whether evidence derived from primary evidence excluded under one or more of these rules should also be excluded under an American style 'fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine' - and why or why not. Finally, the article compares the current Australian approach to this doctrine with the present state of the American doctrine and the recognised exceptions thereto. The article concludes with recommendations for applying the doctrine in both countries, subject to suggested changes in the Jaw that take the realities of political correctness and human frailty into account.

The role of objective and subjective evaluation in the production and marketing of goats for meat

Objective and subjective evaluations of goats for meat production are related to important determinants of production and profitability. The most important attributes in assessment of goats for market are: live weight; body condition score; and the age of goats. As goats grow, their carcass and body organs increase in weight in proportion to the empty body weight. For farmers and field workers the linear regression approach for estimating carcass weight by measuring live weight is the most suitable as it accounts for 88 to 97% of the variation in carcass, offal and boneless meat weight. Live weight scales or heart girth tapes should be used and the risks and errors associated with these methods are summarized. The proportion of a live goat that is the carcass, known as dressing percentage, increases from 35% to about 50% as goats grow. The usefulness and errors associated with dressing percentage in field estimation are discussed. A valuable subjective method for estimating the nutritional status of goats is the use of body condition scoring as it accounts for 60 to 67% of the variation in live weight change, carcass weight and fat reserves of goats. A method for body condition scoring and a similar fat scoring system are explained. Body condition score is also associated with mortality risk and reproductive performance of goats. The number of permanent incisors in the lower jaw of goats is a method of estimating the age of goats but is biased by differences in live weights of goats. The value and role of ultrasound scanning the carcasses of goats is summarized. For the marketing of kid meat no permanent incisors should have erupted. Other useful practices for the successful marketing of goat meat are discussed including: knowing market specifications and chemical withholding periods; animal health; prevention of bruising; identification of goats; size of consignments; timeliness; provision of paperwork. A checklist is provided. The use of subjective and objective assessment techniques in evaluating goats for meat production will provide the best results. Where only subjective assessment techniques are available they will provide satisfactory performance provided the skills have been learnt and are applied.

Padangustasana with dadakulaci

The dadakulaci is an amphibious sea snake, commonly found in the waters around Kadavu, Fiji. Straddling existence in the sea and on land, this graceful creature is obscured by myth. Although it is often dismissed as a passive sea snake with a jaw too small to injure a human, the dadkulaci is able to disarticulate its jaw to 180 degrees. Furthermore, it has the ability to withhold its powerful venom. This work was made for the exhibition Diasporadic 679.
DIASPORADIC679 was a public exhibition of Fiji artists living in diaspora. Timed to acknowledge Fiji Independence Day and pay homage to the Fiji telephone prefix, +679, the artists reflect on Fiji Islander identity and diaspora experience from seven diverse positions.

All living in diaspora, the artists are Margaret Aull (NZ), Torika Bolatagici (Australia), Tagi Qolouvaki (USA), Sangeeta Singh (NZ), Dulcie Stewart (Australia), Ema Tavola (NZ) and Luisa Tora (NZ).

Collectively, the selected artists’ practices represent investigations into text and urban landscapes, feminism and sexuality, militarism, power and struggle. In the form of posters, the artists’ works are installed in the windows of six venues in and around Otahuhu Town Centre, South Auckland.

Finding the six venues and experiencing the exhibition in its entirety gives audiences a taste of Otahuhu, home of three of the seven artists, the Auckland Fiji Community headquarters and a significant Fiji Islander community.

The effective radius and resistance to slippage

This work reveals that parallel gripper flat-jaw configuration affects grasping effectiveness. An important finding is the fact that object grasp reliability is influenced significantly by gripper's ability to develop high resistance to object rotation in the gripper. The concept of effective torque radius, which increases resistance to object rotation in the gripper, is presented here and can be extrapolated to other grasping devices and grasping strategies to improve their reliability and make them more effective. Grippers with full-jaw contact surface and those with discrete contact areas have been investigated using simple experimental setups. Essential mathematical models needed for analytical investigation, based on simple mechanics for full-jaw contact surfaces and discrete-jaw contact surfaces, are presented. These may be useful for gripper jaw design purposes.