Enhancement of aerobic granulation by zero-valent iron in sequencing batch airlift reactor

This study elucidates the enhancement of aerobic granulation by zero-valent iron (ZVI). A reactor augmented with ZVI had a start-up time of aerobic granulation (43 days) that was notably less than that for a reactor without augmentation (64 days). The former reactor also had better removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand and ammonium. Moreover, the mature granules augmented with ZVI had better physical characteristics and produced more extracellular polymeric substances (especially of protein). Three-dimensional-excitation emission matrix fluorescence showed that ZVI enhanced organic material diversity. Additionally, ZVI enhanced the diversity of the microbial community. Fe(2+) dissolution from ZVI helped reduce the start-up time of aerobic granulation and increased the extracellular polymeric substance content. Conclusively, the use of ZVI effectively enhanced aerobic granulation.

Octabutyl-1k2C,2k2C,3k2C,4k2C-di-µ3-oxo-1:2:3k3O;2:3:4k2O-di-µ2-phenoxy-1:2k2O;3:4k2O-diphenyoxy-1kO,4kO-tetratin(IV)

The dimeric title compound, tetrabutyldiphenoxydistannoxane, [Sn₄(C₄H₉)₈(C₆H₅O)₄O₂], adopts a ladder-type structure, featuring an almost planar inorganic framework with three four-membered Sn₂O₂ rings and four coplanar phenoxy groups.

A dimeric tellurastannoxane carbonate cluster, tetra-tert-butyl-di-µ3-carbonato-tetrakis-[4-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl]di-µ-oxo-ditelluriumditin chloroform tetrasolvate

The title compound, [Sn₂Te₂(C₄H₉)₄(CO₃)₂O₂(C₈H₁₀N)₄]·4CHCl₃ or [(p-Me₂NC₆H₄)₂TeOSn^tBu₂CO₃]₂·4CHCl₃, contains an almost planar centrosymmetric inorganic Sn₂Te₂O₈C₂ core and hypercoordinated Sn and Te atoms. The structure features four secondary intramolecular Te...O contacts.

Konflik di Aceh konteks, pemicu, katalis

Miller traces The Roots of the Acehnese conflict to Indonesian repressive policies, specifically: exploitation of Aceh's natural resources; violence against Acehnese Civilians by Indonesian security forces; and Jakarta's failure to honor commitments to Aceh's autonomy. This contradicts the prevailing Acehnese perception of the war as a liberation struggle against colonial domination. This contradicts the prevailing Acehnese perception of the war as a Liberation struggle against colonial domination. Regional discontent in Aceh grew into separatist insurgency in the 1970s. Regional Discontent in Aceh grew into separatist insurgency in the 1970s. This provoked an increasingly martial response from the government, which involved widespread violations of Acehnese human rights. This Provoked an increasingly martial response from the government, which involved widespread violations of Acehnese human rights. East Timor's successful bid for independence in the 1990s simultaneously strengthened both Acehnese' aspirations of self-determination, and nationalists' belief in preserving Indonesia's territorial integrity. East Timor's successful bid for independence in the 1990s simultaneously strengthened both Acehnese 'aspirations of self-determination, and nationalists' belief in preserving Indonesia's territorial integrity.

Ab initio calculations, Raman and NMR investigation of the plastic crystal di-methyl pyrrolidinium iodide

Above 110 °C the symmetric di-methyl-pyrrolidinium iodide salt forms a plastic crystal phase of interest in the area of new electrolyte materials. In this study ab initio calculations of this material has been conducted in order to assign the vibrational spectra. Raman spectroscopy measurements on the solid salt as well as on the salt dissolved in different solvents has been performed and these have been compared to the theoretical spectra. Furthermore, Raman spectra as a function of temperature have been recorded to investigate possible changes in inter-ionic interaction and/or structure through the phase transition. 1H NMR linewidth measurements as a function of temperature showed a large decrease in linewidth above 100 °C, attributed here to an increase in mobility in agreement with a previously reported phase transition at ~110 °C.

Plane wave scattering by a spherical di-electric particle in motion : a relativistic extension of the Mie theory

Light scattering from small spherical particles has applications in a vast number of disciplines including astrophysics, meteorology optics and particle sizing. Mie theory provides an exact analytical characterization of plane wave scattering from spherical dielectric objects. There exist many variants of the Mie theory where fundamental assumptions of the theory has been relaxed to make generalizations. Notable such extensions are generalized Mie theory where plane waves are replaced by optical beams, scattering from lossy particles, scattering from layered particles or shells and scattering of partially coherent (non-classical) light. However, no work has yet been reported in the literature on modifications required to account for scattering when the particle or the source is in motion relative to each other. This is an important problem where many applications can be found in disciplines involving moving particle size characterization. In this paper we propose a novel approach, using special relativity, to address this problem by extending the standard Mie theory for scattering by a particle in motion with a constant speed, which may be very low, moderate or comparable to the speed of light. The proposed technique involves transforming the scattering problem to a reference frame co-moving with the particle, then applying the Mie theory in that frame and transforming the scattered field back to the reference frame of the observer.

Supramolecular ionic networks with superior thermal and transport properties based on novel delocalized di-anionic compounds

Supramolecular ionic networks based on highly delocalized dianions having (trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide, (propylsulfonyl)methanide and (cyano-propylsulfonyl)imide groups were developed and their physical properties were examined in detail. Most of the synthesized compounds were semi-crystalline possessing Tm values close to 100°C; however, amorphous networks were also obtained using aromatic asymmetric dianions. Rheological measurements in temperature sweep tests at a constant frequency confirmed two different behaviors: a fast melting close to the Tm for semi-crystalline materials and a thermoreversible network for liquid transition for the amorphous supramolecular ionic networks. It was found that the amorphous ionic networks showed significantly higher ionic conductivity (10^-3 S cm^-1 at 100°C) than the crystalline ionic networks (10^-6 S cm^-1) and previously reported amorphous citrate ionic networks (10^-5 S cm^-1). The supramolecular ionic networks containing hydrophobic (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide groups demonstrated improved water stability and higher thermal stability than the previously synthesized carboxylate ones. Noticeably, the obtained amorphous supramolecular ionic networks combine not only high ionic conductivity and thermal stability, but also self-healing properties into the same material.