Adaptations architecturales du tissu osseux en réponse à l'exercice physique : intérêts et limites des méthodes non invasives utilisées chez l'homme

Aim
The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the imaging techniques that are currently used to study the effects of exercise on bone architecture.

Current knowledge
It is now widely accepted that the prevention of osteoporosis must be initiated in childhood, because the immature skeleton is more responsive to physical loading. Exercise recommendations for bone health promotion must consider the effects of loading not only on the more traditional measures of bone mineral content and macroarchitecture, but also on the microarchitecture and structural properties of the skeleton. The latter requires high precision 3D methods like quantitative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Prospects
Imaging resolutions used most commonly in exercise studies of children have sufficient precision to assess bone density and gross geometry. However, they remain insufficient to clearly depict and quantify the trabecular bone microarchitecture in vivo in humans.

Potential applications of discrete-event simulation and fuzzy rule-based systems to structural reliability and availability

This chapter discusses and illustrates some potential applications of discrete-event simulation (DES) techniques in structural reliability and availability analysis, emphasizing the convenience of using probabilistic approaches in modern building and civil engineering practices. After reviewing existing literature on the topic, some advantages of probabilistic techniques over analytical ones are highlighted. Then, we introduce a general framework for performing structural reliability and availability analysis through DES. Our methodology proposes the use of statistical distributions and techniques – such as survival analysis – to model component-level reliability. Then, using failure- and repair-time distributions and information about the structural logical topology (which allows determination of the structural state from their components’ state), structural reliability, and availability information can be inferred. Two numerical examples illustrate some potential applications of the proposed methodology to achieving more reliable and structural designs. Finally, an alternative approach to model uncertainty at component level is also introduced as ongoing work. This new approach is based on the use of fuzzy rule-based systems and it allows the introduction of experts’ opinions and evaluations in our methodology.

Applications of symbolic computing for symmetry analysis of differential equations

 This thesis presents a number of applications of symbolic computing to the study of differential equations. In particular, three packages have been produced for the computer algebra system MAPLE and used to find a variety of symmetries (and corresponding invariant solutions) for a range of differential systems.