Electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) characterization of warm rolled and accumulative roll bonding (ARB) processed ferrite

An interstitial free (IF) steel was severely deformed using accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process and warm rolling. The maximum equivalent strains for ARB and warm rolling were 4.8 and 4.0, respectively. The microstructure and micro-texture were studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The grain size and misorientation obtained by both methods are in the same range. The microstructure in the ARB samples after 6 cycles is homogeneous, although a grain size gradient is observed at the layers close to the surface. The through thickness texture gradient in the ARB samples is different from the warm rolled samples. While a shear texture (⟨110⟩//rolling plane normal direction (ND)) at the surface and rolling texture at the center region is developed in the ARB  samples, the overall texture is weak. The warm rolled samples display a sharp rolling texture through the thickness with increasing the sharpness toward the center. These differences are attributed to the fact that the central region of ARB strip is comprised of material that was once at the surface. The ARB process  can suppress the formation of shear bands which are conventional at warm rolled IF steels. EBSD study on the sample with 6th cycle of ARB following the annealing at 750 ◦C verified a texture gradient through the thickness of the sheet. The shear orientations at the surface and at the quarter thickness layers can be identified even after annealing. The overall weak texture and existence of shear orientations make ARB processed samples unfavorable for sheet metal forming in compare with warm rolled samples.

Nucleation and growth during reactions in accumulative roll bonding of Ti/Al multilayers

A two-stage process in the formation of TiAl₃ was found in the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) Ti/Al multilayers. The distribution of layer spacing did not become broad enough to lose the main features of the double exothermal behaviour. A modified model based on thin films was set up to describe the kinetic characteristics of the formation of TiAl₃ in ARB samples.

The kinetics of two-stage formation of TiAl3 in multilayered Ti/Al foils prepared by accumulative roll bonding

The solid-state reactions of Ti/Al multilayered samples produced by Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The kinetics of the formation of the intermetallic compound TiAl3 was highlighted. Experimental evidence and analysis of the data shows that, there was a two-stage process in the formation of TiAl₃ in the ARB Ti/Al reactive multilayered samples. Calorimetric and microstructural analyses also suggest that the interdiffusion of Al and Ti which led to solid solutions preceded the formation of intermetallic compounds. Despite the apparent chaos in the thickness of the ARB multilayered samples, the distribution of layer spacing did not become broad enough to lose the main features of the double exothermal behaviour. Isothermal DSC shows a larger Avarami constant in ARB Ti/Al multilayered structures than was found in Ti/Al thin films. A modified model based on thin films was set up to describe the kinetic characteristics of the formation of the intermetallic compound TiAl₃ in ARB samples.

Asymmetric accumulative roll bonding of aluminium-titanium composite sheets

Aluminium-titanium (Al/Ti) composite sheets were fabricated via asymmetric accumulative roll bonding (AARB), which capitalises on additional shear to enhance plastic deformation. Multi-layers of Al alloy (AA1050) and commercially-pure Ti sheets were alternatively stacked and rolled-bonded with varied roll diameter ratios (dr) ranging from 1 to 2, for up to four passes. Annealing of selected composite sheets was subsequently carried out at 600°C for 24h to compare the rates of solid-state diffusion reactions between Al and Ti components. Mechanical tests revealed that both tensile strength and ductility of the sheets increase systematically with dr. The microstructures and the Al/Ti interfaces of the sheets were analysed in detail using TEM, SEM and FIB techniques. It is shown that not only does AARB lead to a more refined grain size of the Al matrix but also it promotes the development of a nanostructured surface layer on Ti that comprises crystallites of 50-100nm in size, which is otherwise absent in the case of symmetric ARB (i.e. dr=1). The AARB-processed sheets exhibit a larger thickness of the interdiffusion layer at the Al/Ti interfaces than the counterparts processed via the symmetric ARB route, the difference being in excess of 15%. The effects and the implications of AARB processing on mechanical behaviour and diffusion kinetics are discussed with respect to the microstructural evolutions.

Effects of deformation-induced heating on bond strength of rolled metal multilayer

The bond strength of various metal multilayers produced by cold rolling of metal foils with different thermal conductivity was investigated. Results indicated that under the same conditions of deformation and surface preparation, the metallic multilayer system with low thermal conductivity exhibited relative high bond strength while high thermal conductivity metal system may fail to be roll-bonded together. The relationship between the deformation-induced localized heating and the bond strength were discussed. The deformation-induced localized heating in the low thermal conductivity metal multilayer systems may provide opportunities for achieving a successful accumulative roll bonding or a “cold roll/heat treatment/cold roll” process to synthesize metallic multilayer materials.

Influence of deformation-induced heating on the bond strength of rolled metal multilayers

The bond strength of various metal multilayers produced by cold rolling of metal foils with different thermal conductivity was investigated. Results indicated that the metallic multilayer system with low thermal conductivity exhibited relative high bond strength while high thermal conductivity metal system may fail to be roll-bonded together. The relationship between the deformation-induced localized heating and the bond strength were discussed.

"Roll Up and Spend Your Last Dime". The Merry-go-round of Children`s Extra-curricular Activities in Modern Society.

"Step up and play" begins the famous hit song 'Penny Arcade'. And so it
was for thousands of Australian families, as their eldest child began school
this year, and the associated endless merry-go-round of extra-curricular
activities also began. But how many of those families realise that the song ends "Roll up and spend your last dime!"? While the perceived benefits of
children's involvement in extracurricular activities are many and are widely accepted, there are also costs, not only in terms of money but also in terms
of time. Evidence from a study conducted in Melbourne highlights the fact that, for many families such as those on low incomes and those headed by a single parent, both the time and the money costs may be prohibitive. This article highlights parents' perceptions of the benefits·and costs of children's extra-curricular activities, and explores the implications of changing family and household structures for families' capacity to sustain such activities.

Observation of inter- and intramolecular C---H...F hydrogen bonding in Gingras' salt: [n-Bu4N]+[Ph3SnF2]-

The crystal and molecular structure of Gingras' salt [n-Bu₄N]^₊ [Ph₃SnF₂]⁻ is reported, which reveals a variety of inter- and intramolecular C---H...F hydrogen bonding interactions. A ¹¹⁹Sn MAS-NMR spectrum was recorded and a tensor analysis has been performed according to the method of Herzfeld and Berger. The results are discussed in terms of the molecular structure and are compared with the parent compound Ph₃SnF as well as with Mes₃SnF (Mes=mesityl).

Secondary bonding in para-substituted diphenyltellurium dichlorides (p-XC6H4)2TeCl2 (X = H, Me, MeO) probed by 125Te MAS NMR spectroscopy. Crystal and molecular structure of (p-MeC6H4)2TeCl2

The solid-state structures of the previously known para-substituted diphenyltellurium dichlorides, (p-XC₆H₄)₂TeCl₂ (X=H (1), Me (2), MeO (3)) were investigated by ¹²⁵Te MAS NMR spectroscopy and in case of 2 by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The ¹²⁵Te-NMR shielding anisotropy (SA) was studied by tensor analyses based on relative intensities of the observed spinning sidebands. Solid-state NMR parameters, namely the isotropic chemical shift (δ_iso), anisotropy (ζ) and asymmetry (η), were discussed in relation to the molecular structures established by X-ray crystallography. The asymmetry (η) was found to be particularly sensitive to structural differences stemming mostly from the diverse secondary Te...Cl interactions, but no correlation with geometric parameters could be established.

It's not only rock and roll: rockumentary, direct cinema and performative display

The documentary form commonly referred to as rockumentary has become, since its inception in the early 1960s, a staple of American direct cinema. In keeping with its associations with observational direct cinema, rockumentary emphasizes showing over telling; that is, rockumentary privileges the visual capacities of documentary over patterns of exposition. While the ‘documentary display’ of rockumentary is comparable to certain features of  the early ‘cinema of attractions’ it exceeds such features in its focus on  performance. Typically, an emphasis within documentary theory on unmediated and unreconstructed access to the real as the basis of documentary film has not admitted a place for notions of performance before the camera. Rockumentary, with its relentless foregrounding of the performing body and the performance of musicians, revises this  understanding. This essay examines rockumentary within the context of direct cinema as a mode centred on a documentary performative display as it operates within selected works from the 1960s to the present. The film theorist Brian Winston has claimed that ‘[d]irect cinema made the rock performance/tour movie into the most popular and commercially viable documentary form thus far.’ The inverse of this assessment may be closer to the mark: the rockumentary turned direct cinema into a commercially and widely available form, one which the rockumentary has at times returned to and superseded in its scopic attention to performative display.

Bonding with cultural brands: exploring the 'binds that tie us'

In contexts such as those in the arts and culture industry, where the use of branded products may be difficult to access due to intermittent availability, or, where the branded product outcomes may be difficult to predict, it is argued that consumers form complex relationships with brands.
In order to explore these complex relationships, this research explores the components of the bond that consumers form with arts and cultural products and brands. This research highlights empirically five components of brand bonding with arts and cultural products, viz., brand trust/affinity, social/self connectedness, loyalty, emotional connectedness and brand involvement. These results found that intricacies emerge, such as consumer optimism about branded product failures, anticipation of usage, and a sense of responsibility for the success of the brand. More importantly, these findings suggest that in situations where service outcomes are uncertain, and where the service is available intermittently, loyal consumers are still willing to develop a relationship based on their connectedness or bond with the brand, despite the situational difficulties associated with accessing it.

Attachment bonding and the receipt of care in the face of chronic illness

The relationship between social support and the mental health outcomes of chronic illness sufferers is regarded as complex with inconsistent findings across studies. More recently, researchers have argued that that these inconsistencies may be explained by attachment theory. In this preliminary study, we explored how attachment bonds with three distinct attachment figures – parents, best friends and romantic partners influenced arthritic young adults’ seeking of care. Forty-one arthritis sufferers aged between 18 and 33 years were administered an online questionnaire which included measures of attachment and the receipt of emotional and instrumental care. Significant differences were found in young adults’ attachment avoidance and anxiety ratings, and seeking of instrumental care across parents, best friends and romantic partners. These differences were associated with differences in the frequency and type of care received by young arthritis sufferers across the three attachment figures. Furthermore, arthritis severity was associated with the receipt of care from attachment figures however this relationship was partially mediated by attachment anxiety.

Synthesis and reactivity of para-substituted benzoylmethyltellurium(II and IV) compounds: observation of intermolecular C-H-O hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of (p-MeOC6H4COCH2)2TeBr2

Bis(p-substituted benzoylmethyl)tellurium dibromides, (p-YC₆H₄COCH₂)₂TeBr₂, (y=H (1a), Me (1b), MeO (1c)) can be prepared
either by direct insertion of elemental Te across CRf-Br bonds (where C_Rf refers to α-carbon of a functionalized organic moiety) or by the oxidative addition of bromine to (p-YC₆H₄COCH₂)₂Te (y = H (2a), Me (2b), MeO (2c)). Bis(p-substituted benzoylmethyl)tellurium dichlorides, (p-YC₆H₄COCH₂)₂TeCh (y = H (3a), Me (3b), MeO (3c)), are prepared by the reaction of the bis(p-substituted benzoylmethyl)tellurides 2a--c with S0₂Cl₂, whereas the corresponding diiodides (p-YC₆H₄COCH₂)₂Teh (y = H
(4a), Me (4b), MeO (4c)) can be obtained by the metathetical reaction of la--c with KI, or alternatively, by the oxidative addition of
iodine to 2a--c. The reaction of 2a--c with allyl bromide affords the diorganotellurium dibrornides la--c, rather than the expected
triorganotelluronium bromides. Compounds 1-4 were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, ¹H, ^l3C and ¹²⁵Te
NMR spectroscopy (solution and solid-state) and in case of Ie also by X-ray crystallography. (p-MeOC₆H₄COCH₂)₂TeBr₂ (1c) provides, a rare example, among organotellurium compounds, of a supramolecular architecture, where C-H-O hydrogen bonds appear to be the non-covalent intermolecular associative force that dominates the crystal packing.

The utility of hypercoordination and secondary bonding for the synthesis of a binary organoelement oxo cluster

A strategy for the preparation of the otherwise difficult to obtain binary organometallic oxides containing two heavy main group elements is described and exemplified by the synthesis of [(p-MeOC₆H₄)₂Te(OSnt-Bu₂OH)₂]₂.