Continuity and change at C.B.C. : an ethnography of a Catholic Brothers School in Australian society

This thesis is an ethnographic investigation of a Catholic Brothers school, Christian Brothers College (C.B.C.), in the provincial city of Newburyport, Australia* The study explores the traditions and historical purposes of education at the independent, religious school, and examines the manner in which these have changed or are changing. All names, including the name of the school and the city, have been altered to preserve anonymity. The opening section discusses the emergence of the theoretical problem of the dialectic of change and continuity in the ongoing activity of C.B.C. actors. This is followed by an argument that an understanding of such activity requires an ethnographic perspective. Such a perspective, however, must not overlook the organisational and structural constraints within which participants operate. Hence, a critical ethnography, which takes account of both the agency of human actors and the structures which influence their activity, is advocated as the most suitable approach for understanding continuity and change within a complex organisation in its social context. This argument is followed by an ethnographic account of Christian Brothers College, which focuses on the perceptions and activities of teachers and administrators, Individual chapters deal with the Christian Brothers Order and its educational mission at C.B.C.; the nature of religious education at the school; the administration of the school; approaches to control and discipline; the curriculum and evaluation of pupils; and the relationship between C.B.C. and the wider Newburyport community. The concluding section integrates an analysis of continuity and change at C.B.C. with a discussion of theoretical perspectives on reproduction and transformation. The thesis concludes that, although change has occurred in many ways, an institutionalised image of C.B.C. as 'Brothers’ school'persists and impedes the formation of more democratic authority relations, curriculum, and evaluation. The potential for such change, however, is seen most strongly in the ongoing reform of religious education.

Incorporation of group 14 elements into siloxane-bridged paracyclophanes cyclo-[p,p´-Me2SiC6H4EMe2C6H4SiMe2O]2 (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn)§

The bis(arylene silanes) p,p'-HMeb>2b>SiCb>6b>Hb>4b>EMeb>2b>Cb>6b>Hb>4b>SiMeb>2b>H (E = C (<b>10b>), Si (<b>11b>), Ge (<b>12b>), Sn(<b>13b>)) were prepared by the in situ Grignard reaction of p,p'-BrCb>6b>Hb>4b>CMeb>2b>Cb>6b>Hb>4b>Br, Mg turnings, and HSiMeb>2b>Cl (for <b>10b>) and the Grignard reaction using p-HMeb>2b>SiCb>6b>Hb>4b>Br, Mg turnings, and Meb>2b>EClb>2b> (E = Si for <b>11b>, Ge for <b>12b>, Sn for <b>13b>). The oxidation of <b>10-13 b>using Pearlman's catalyst, Pd(OH)b>2b>/C, in aqueous THF provided the bis(arylene silanols) p,p'-HOMeb>2b>SiCb>6b>Hb>4b>EMeb>2b>Cb>6b>Hb>4b>SiMeb>2b>OH (E = C (<b>14b>), Si (<b>15b>), Ge (<b>16b>), Sn(<b>17b>)). The HCl-catalyzed condensation of <b>14-17b> in highly diluted solutions of acetone/water afforded the siloxane-bridged paracyclophanes cyclo-[p,p'-Meb>2b>SiCb>6b>Hb>4b>EMeb>2b>Cb>6b>Hb>4b>SiMeb>2b>O]b>2b> (<b>6-9b>) that incorporate the group 14 elements E = C, Si, Ge, and Sn. Compounds<b> 6-17b> were investigated by multinuclear solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy and <b>6b> and <b>9b> also by X-ray crystallography.<br />

Synthesis and reactivity of para-substituted benzoylmethyltellurium(II and IV) compounds: observation of intermolecular C-H-O hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of (p-MeOC6H4COCH2)2TeBr2

Bis(p-substituted benzoylmethyl)tellurium dibromides, (p-YCb>6b>Hb>4b>COCHb>2b>)b>2b>TeBrb>2b>, (y=H (<b>1ab>), Me (<b>1b</b>), MeO (<b>1cb>)) can be prepared<br />either by direct insertion of elemental Te across CRf-Br bonds (where Cb>Rfb> refers to α-carbon of a functionalized organic moiety) or by the oxidative addition of bromine to (p-YCb>6b>Hb>4b>COCHb>2b>)b>2b>Te (y = H (<b>2ab>), Me (<b>2b</b>), MeO (<b>2cb>)). Bis(p-substituted benzoylmethyl)tellurium dichlorides, (p-YCb>6b>Hb>4b>COCHb>2b>)b>2b>TeCh (y = H (<b>3ab>), Me (<b>3b</b>), MeO (<b>3cb>)), are prepared by the reaction of the bis(p-substituted benzoylmethyl)tellurides <b>2ab><b>--c b>with S0b>2b>Clb>2b>, whereas the corresponding diiodides (p-YCb>6b>Hb>4b>COCHb>2b>)b>2b>Teh (y = H<br />(<b>4ab>), Me (<b>4b</b>), MeO (<b>4cb>)) can be obtained by the metathetical reaction of <b>la--cb> with KI, or alternatively, by the oxidative addition of<br />iodine to <b>2a--cb>. The reaction of <b>2a--cb> with allyl bromide affords the diorganotellurium dibrornides <b>la--cb>, rather than the expected<br />triorganotelluronium bromides. Compounds 1-4 were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, ¹H, ^l3C and ¹²⁵Te<br />NMR spectroscopy (solution and solid-state) and in case of Ie also by X-ray crystallography. (p-MeOCb>6b>Hb>4b>COCHb>2b>)b>2b>TeBrb>2b> (<b>1cb>) provides, a rare example, among organotellurium compounds, of a supramolecular architecture, where C-H-O hydrogen bonds appear to be the non-covalent intermolecular associative force that dominates the crystal packing.<br />

Structural characterization of rare intramolecularly (1,4-Te· · ·N) bonded diorganotellurides and their monomeric complexes with mercury(II) halides: metal assisted C-H· · ·X (Hg) interactions leading to supramolecular architecture

Monomeric tellurides 4-RCb>6b>Hb>4b>(SB)Te [SB = 2-(4,4'-N0b>2b>Cb>6b>Hb>4b>CH=NCb>6b>Hb>3b>-Me); R = H, 1<b>ab>; Me,1<b>b</b>; OMe, 1<b>cb>], which incidentally represent the first example of a telluride with 1,4-Te···N intramolecular interaction, have been prepared and characterized by solution and solid-state ¹²⁵Te NMR, ¹³C NMR and X-ray crystallography. Interplay of weak C-H···O and C-H-··π{ interactions in the crystal lattice of 1<b>b</b> and1<b>cb> are responsible for the formation of supramolecular motifs. These tellurides undergo expected oxidative addition reactions with halogens and interhalogens and also interact coordinatively with mercury(II) halides to give 1:2 complexes, HgXb>2b>[4-RCb>6b>Hb>4b>(SB)Te]b>2b> (X = CI, R = H, <b>2ab>; Me, <b>2b</b>; OMe, <b>2cb> and X = Br, R = H, <b>3ab>; Me, <b>3b</b>; and OMe, <b>3cb>) with no sign of Te-C bond cleavage, as has been reported for some 1,5-Te·· ·N(O) intramolecularly bonded tellurides. The complexes <b>2ab> and <b>3cb> are the first structurally characterized monomeric 1:2 adducts of mercury(II) halides with Te ligands. The 1,4-Te···N intramolecular interactions in the solid-state are retained in the complexes highlighting simultaneously the Lewis acid and base character of the Te(lI) atom. Packing of molecules in the crystal lattice of <b>2ab><br />and <b>3c b>reveals that non-covalent C-H· . ·Cl/Br interactions involving metal-bound halogen atoms possess significant directionality and in<br />combination with coordinative covalent interactions may be of potential use in creating inorganic supramolecular synthons.<br />

Conserved IL-2Rγc signaling mediates lymphopoiesis in Zebrafish

The IL-2 receptor γ common (IL-2Rγc) chain is the shared subunit of the receptors for the IL-2 family of cytokines, which mediate signaling through JAK3 and various downstream pathways to regulate lymphopoiesis. Inactivating mutations in human IL-2Rγc result in SCID, a primary immunodeficiency characterized by greatly reduced numbers of lymphocytes. This study used bioinformatics, expression analysis, gene ablation, and specific pharmacologic inhibitors to investigate the function of two putative zebrafish IL-2Rγc paralogs, il-2rγc.a and il-2rγc.b, and downstream signaling components during early lymphopoiesis. Expression of il-2rγc.a commenced at 16 h post fertilization (hpf) and rose steadily from 4-6 d postfertilization (dpf) in the developing thymus, with il-2rγc.a expression also confirmed in adult T and B lymphocytes. Transcripts of il-2rγc.b were first observed from 8 hpf, but waned from 16 hpf before reaching maximal expression at 6 dpf, but this was not evident in the thymus. Knockdown of il-2rγc.a, but not il-2rγc.b, substantially reduced embryonic lymphopoiesis without affecting other aspects of hematopoiesis. Specific targeting of zebrafish Jak3 exerted a similar effect on lymphopoiesis, whereas ablation of zebrafish Stat5.1 and pharmacologic inhibition of PI3K and MEK also produced significant but smaller effects. Ablation of il-2rγc.a was further demonstrated to lead to an absence of mature T cells, but not B cells in juvenile fish. These results indicate that conserved IL-2Rγc signaling via JAK3 plays a key role during early zebrafish lymphopoiesis, which can be potentially targeted to generate a zebrafish model of human SCID.

Reworked Devonian (Givetian-Frasnian) spores from a Permian glacially-derived sequence at Bacchus Marsh, Victoria

Emphanisporites rotatus McGregor emend. McGregor 1973 is a distinctive Devonian spore with a known primary source age range in Australia spanning the upper Givetian to early Frasnian (Middle to Late Devonian). This is the first record of the species from Victoria. It occurs as a reworked element in an Early Permian assemblage belonging to the Granularisporites confluens Zone derived from glacigene diamictite in the Bacchus Marsh area. As the predominant direction of Permian ice movement recorded in the Bacchus Marsh district was south-west to north-east, it is possible that the reworked spores were transported from Antarctica.<br />

2-Amino-3-aroyl-4,5-alkylthiophenes: Agonist allosteric enhancers at human A1 adenosine receptors

2-Amino-3-benzoylthiophenes are allosteric enhancers (AE) of agonist activity at the Ab>1b> adenosine receptor. The present report describes syntheses and assays of the AE activity at the human Ab>1b>AR (hAb>1b>AR) of a panel of compounds consisting of nine 2-amino-3-aroylthiophenes (<b>3a-ib>), eight 2-amino-3-benzoyl-4,5-dimethylthiophenes (<b>12a-hb>), three 3-aroyl-2-carboxy-4,5- dimethylthiophenes (<b>15a-cb>), 10 2-amino-3-benzoyl-5,6-dihydro 4H-cyclopenta[b]thiophenes (<b>17a-jb>), 14 2-amino-3-benzoyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b</i>]thiophenes (<b>18a-nb>), and 15 2-amino- 3-benzoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta[b</i>]thiophenes (<b>19a-ob>). An in vitro assay employing the Ab>1b>AR agonist [¹²⁵I]ABA and membranes from CHO-K1 cells stably expressing the hA¹AR measured, as an index of AE activity, the ability of a candidate AE to stabilize the agonist- Ab>1b>AR-G protein ternary complex. Compounds <b>3a-ib> had little or no AE activity, and compounds<b> 12a-hb> had only modest activity, evidence that AE activity depended absolutely on the presence of at least a methyl group at C-4 and C-5. Compounds <b>17a-cb> lacked AE activity, suggesting the 2-amino group is essential. Polymethylene bridges linked thiophene C-4 and C-5 of compounds <b>17a-jb>, <b>18a-nb>, and <b>19a-ob>. AE activity increased with the size of the -(CHb>2b>)b>nb>- bridge, n ) 3 < n ) 4 < n ) 5. The 3-carbethoxy substituents of <b>17ab>, <b>18ab>, and <b>19ab> did not support AE activity, but a 3-aroyl group did. Bulky (or hydrophobic) substituents at the meta and para positions of the 3-benzoyl group and also 3-naphthoyl groups greatly enhanced activity. Thus, the hAb>1b>AR contains an allosteric binding site able to accommodate 3-aroyl substituents that are bulky and/or hydrophobic but not necessarily planar. A second region in the allosteric binding site interacts constructively with alkyl substituents at thiophene C-4 and/or C-5.<br />

Scope of practice in forensic nursing

1. There is significant role variation, across the Western world, in relation to how forensic nurses practice. 2. The authors conducted a pilot survey of forensic nurses in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and the United Kingdom to examine forensic nursing practice, role definition, and role boundaries. 3. Issues arising from the data include the visibility of forensic nurses, the client group, forensic-specific education, and role development.<br />

Room-temperature insertion of elemental tellurium into the Cspł-Br and -I bonds of α-bromo-and α-iodopinacolone

Pinacolyltellurium(IV) dihalides, (t-BuCOCHb>2b>)b>2b>TeXb>2 b>(X ) Br (<b>1b</b>), I (<b>1cb>)) and Ar(t-BuCOCHb>2b>)TeClb>2b> (Ar == 1-Cb>10b>Hb>7b> (Np) (<b>2ab>), 2,4,6-Meb>3b>Cb>6b>Hb>2b> (Mes) (<b>3ab>)), are readily prepared at room temperature by the oxidative insertion of elemental tellurium into the Cb>spb>³-Br or -I bond of the α-halopinacolone and by the reaction of ArTeClb>3b> with the pinacolone t-BuCOCHb>3b>. The bromides Np(t-BuCOCHb>2b>)TeBrb>2b> (<b>2b</b>) and Mes(t-BuCOCHb>2b>)TeBrb>2b> (<b>3b</b>) can be prepared by the addition of bromine to the telluride Ar(t-BuCOCHb>2b>)-Te or of α-bromopinacolone to ArTeBr. Variable-temperature ¹H and ¹³C NMR of the separate signals for the o-Me groups in <b>3ab>,<b>b</b> indicate a very high barrier to rotation about the Te-C(aryl) bond. Crystal diffraction data for <b>1cb>, <b>2a-cb>, and <b>3b</b> show that intramolecular 1,4-Te …O(C) secondary bonding interactions (SBIs) are retained even in the presence of bulky aryl groups and intermolecular Te …X SBIs are subject to electronic population and steric congestion around the Te(IV) center in the solid state.<br />

Area variation in recreational cycling in Melbourne : a compositional or contextual effect?

<b>Objectiveb>: To examine whether compositional and/or contextual area characteristics are associated with area socioeconomic inequalities and between-area differences in recreational cycling.<br /><br /><b>Settingb>: The city of Melbourne, Australia.<br /><br /><b>Participantsb>: 2349 men and women residing in 50 areas (58.7% response rate).<br /><br /><b>Main outcome measureb>: Cycling for recreational purposes (at least once a month vs never).<br /><br /><b>Designb>: In a cross-sectional survey participants reported their frequency of recreational cycling. Objective area characteristics were collected for their residential area by environmental audits or calculated with Geographic Information Systems software. Multilevel logistic regression models were performed to examine associations between recreational cycling, area socioeconomic level, compositional characteristics (age, sex, education, occupation) and area characteristics (design, safety, destinations or aesthetics).<br /><br /><b>Resultsb>: After adjustment for compositional characteristics, residents of deprived areas were less likely to cycle for recreation (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.43 to 1.00), and significant between-area differences in recreational cycling were found (median odds ratio 1.48 (95% credibility interval 1.24 to 1.78). Aesthetic characteristics tended to be worse in deprived areas and were the only group of area characteristics that explained some of the area deprivation differences. Safety characteristics explained the largest proportion of between-area variation in recreational cycling.<br /><br /><b>Conclusionb>: Creating supportive environments with respect to safety and aesthetic area characteristics may decrease between-area differences and area deprivation inequalities in recreational cycling, respectively.<br />

Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on glycogen resynthesis in fasted rats post-high-intensity exercise

It has recently been shown that food intake is not essential for the resynthesis of the stores of muscle glycogen in fasted animals recovering from high-intensity exercise. Because the effect of diabetes on this process has never been examined before, we undertook to explore this issue. To this end, groups of rats were treated with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body mass ip) to induce mild diabetes. After 11 days, each animal was fasted for 24 h before swimming with a lead weight equivalent to 9% body mass attached to the tail. After exercise, the rate and the extent of glycogen repletion in muscles were not affected by diabetes, irrespective of muscle fiber composition. Consistent with these findings, the effect of exercise on the phosphorylation state of glycogen synthase in muscles was only minimally affected by diabetes. In contrast to its effects on nondiabetic animals, exercise in fasted diabetic rats was accompanied by a marked fall in hepatic glycogen levels, which, surprisingly, increased to preexercise levels during recovery despite the absence of food intake.<br />

Regulation of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase during recovery from high-intensity exercise in the rat

The aim of this study was to determine the role of the phosphorylation state of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase in the regulation of muscle glycogen repletion in fasted animals recovering from high-intensity exercise. Groups of rats were swum to exhaustion and allowed to recover for up to 120 min without access to food. Swimming to exhaustion caused substantial glycogen breakdown and lactate accumulation in the red, white and mixed gastrocnemius muscles, whereas the glycogen content in the soleus muscle remained stable. During the first 40 min of recovery, significant repletion of glycogen occurred in all muscles examined except the soleus muscle. At the onset of recovery, the activity ratios and fractional velocities of glycogen synthase in the red, white and mixed gastrocnemius muscles were higher than basal, but returned to pre-exercise levels within 20 min after exercise. In contrast, after exercise the activity ratios of glycogen phosphorylase in the same muscles were lower than basal, and increased to pre-exercise levels within 20 min. This pattern of changes in glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities, never reported before, suggests that the integrated regulation of the phosphorylation state of both glycogen synthase and phosphorylase might be involved in the control of glycogen deposition after high-intensity exercise.<br />

Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline hexagonal boron carbo-nitride under high temperature and high pressure

A study of the synthesis of hexagonal boron carbo-nitride (h-BCN) compounds via a two-step high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) technique using melamine (C 3N 6H 6) and boron oxide (B 2O 3) as raw materials is presented. An amorphous BCN precursor was prepared at 1000K under vacuum in a resistance furnace and then single-phase h-BCN nanocrystalline was synthesized at 1600K and 5.1GPa in a multi-anvil apparatus. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the final products were pure h-BCN crystals with the lattice constants a ≤ 0.2510nm and c ≤ 0.6690nm. The average grain size was about 150nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirmed the occurrence of bonding between C-C, C-N, C-B and N-B atoms. Raman scattering analysis suggested that there were three strong Raman bands centered at 1359, 1596 and 1617cm -1, respectively. The band at 1617cm -1 was considered to be consistent with the characteristic Raman peak of h-BCN.